HMGB1 Antibody

3935:

Immunofluorescence , Western Blotting

HMGB1 Antibody detects endogenous levels of total HMGB1 protein. The antibody does not cross-react with other HMG proteins, including HMGB2 and HMGB3.

Polyclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the human HMGB1 protein. Antibodies are purified by peptide affinity chromatography.

Western Blotting

Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using HMGB1 Antibody.

IF-IC

Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of COS cells using HMGB1 Antibody (green). Actin filaments were labeled using DY-554 phalloidin (red).

High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) belongs to a family of highly conserved proteins that contain HMG box domains (1,2). All three family members (HMGB1, HMGB2, and HMGB3) contain two HMG box domains and a C-terminal acidic domain. HMGB1 is a widely expressed and highly abundant protein (2). HMGB2 is widely expressed during embryonic development, but is restricted to lymphoid organs and testis in adult animals (3). HMGB3 is only expressed during embryogenesis (4). While expression varies, the biochemical properties of the different family members may be indistinguishable. The HMG box domains facilitate the binding of HMGB proteins to the minor groove of DNA, which results in local bending of the DNA double helix (1,2). HMGB proteins are recruited by and help facilitate the assembly of site-specific DNA binding proteins to their cognate binding sites in chromatin. For example, HMGB1 facilitates the binding of Hox proteins, Oct-1, p53, Rel proteins, and steroid hormone receptor proteins to their target gene promoters (1,2). In addition to their functions in the nucleus, HMGB proteins play a significant role in extracellular signaling associated with inflammation (5,6). HMGB1 is massively released into the extracellular environment during cell necrosis, but not apoptosis. Extracellular HMGB1 "alarms" the innate immune system by acting as a chemoattractant for inflammatory leukocytes, smooth muscle cells, and stem cells, functioning as an immune adjuvant for soluble and particulate antigens, and triggering activation of T cells and dendritic cells. In addition, activated monocytes, macrophages and, dendritic cells also secrete HMGB1, forming a positive feedback loop that results in the release of additional cytokines and neutrophils. Hypoxia has also been shown to cause the release of HMGB1 in the liver, and some studies suggest a role for extracellular HMGB1 in tumor homeostasis (5,6).

1. Thomas, J.O. and Travers, A.A. (2001) Trends Biochem Sci 26, 167-74.
2. Müller, S. et al. (2004) J Intern Med 255, 332-43.
3. Ronfani, L. et al. (2001) Development 128, 1265-73.
4. Vaccari, T. et al. (1998) Genomics 49, 247-52.
5. Campana, L. et al. (2008) Curr Opin Immunol 20, 518-23.
6. Klune, J.R. et al. (2008) Mol Med 14, 476-84.

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