生物信息学技术

For basic research on animal cells and in process development and troubleshooting, lab-scale bioreactors (0.2–20 L) are used extensively. In this chapter setting up the bioreactor system for different configurations is described, and two special setups (acceleration stat and react ...

Fixed-bed reactors for cultivation of mammalian cells can be used for a variety of applications such as the production of monoclonal antibodies with hybridoma cells or proteins for diagnostic or therapeutic use with recombinant, mostly anchorage-dependent animal cells, producti ...

The use of hollow fiber culture is a convenient method for making moderately large quantities of high molecular weight products secreted by human and animal cells at high concentrations and with a higher ratio of product to medium-derived impurities than is generally achieved using homog ...

Although glass-stirred or stainless-steel-stirred reactors dominate in the area of animal cell cultivation, users are increasingly trying to integrate disposable bioreactors wherever possible. Today applications range from inoculum to glycoprotein-production proc ...

Metabolic flux analysis with its ability to quantify cellular metabolism is an attractive tool for accelerating cell line selection, medium optimization, and other bioprocess-development activities. In the stoichiometric flux estimation approach, unknown fluxes are dete ...

Apoptosis is a genetically regulated process by which cells can be eliminated in vivo in response to a wide range of physiological and toxicological signals. Cells in vitro may be induced to die by apoptosis, e.g., by depletion of nutrients or survival factors from the culture media. Described here a ...

Stoichiometric and kinetic analyses are critical tools for developing efficient processes for the production of animal cell culture products such as therapeutic proteins or vaccines. This chapter describes the common analytical methods for quantifying animal cell growth and m ...

Mammalian cell culture has obtained high relevance for the production of recombinant therapeutic and diagnostic proteins from established cell lines. Furthermore, great effort has also been made to grow primary and undifferentiated cells in vitro. In each case it is of great importance ...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) are powerful noninvasive techniques that can be used to monitor the behavior of cells in intensive bioreactor systems. We describe here a number of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based techniques that have been used successf ...

Safe and reliable transfer of genetic information at high frequencies into desired target cells remains one of the major challenges in therapeutic life sciences. Multiply attenuated viral vector systems, which are able to transfer heterologous DNA or RNA into almost any cell phenotype as ...

（本文根据2月7日将发表的《自然》新闻整理，因作者首次接触该领域，错误难免，更准确信息，请原始文献）文本挖掘应该是信息领域的高频词汇，但在学术领域，特别作为一种学术辅助工具，并不是那么被学者广发关注。不过最近学术出版领域的大亨爱斯唯尔公司将提供对该公司数据库中论文的文本挖掘服务。这一动作引起《自然》关注，专门发文进行报道。文本挖掘有时也被称为文字探勘、文本数据挖掘等，大致相当于文字分析，一般指文本处理过程中产生高质 ...

科学的宅男宅女可以盯着计算机，也可以老套点捧着纸质的科学期刊。通过科学研究的刊物读原始论文和综述等文献，首先是学习的一步，是学术成长的必需；其后成为研究人员的日常工作的一部分，所谓活到老学到老对自然科学研究者来说不是例外而是常规，停止读文献之日基本是退出科学前沿之时。读文献时，可以经常想其他人的文章与自己目前的研究能否有关系，也可以想文献对自己以后的方向的影响。经常这么要求自己可能从文献得到帮助，不过多数时候 ...

Sequence motif discovery algorithms are an important part of the computational biologist's toolkit. The purpose of motif discovery is to discover patterns in biopolymer (nucleotide or protein) sequences in order to better understand the structure and function of the molecules the se ...

Whole-genome comparisons among mammalian and other eukaryotic organisms have revealed that they contain large quantities of conserved non—protein-coding sequence. Although some of the functions of this non-coding DNA have been identified, there remains a large quantity of cons ...

Most alternative splicing events in human and other eukaryotic genomes are detected using sequence fragments produced by high throughput genomic technologies, such as EST sequencing and oligonu-cleotide microarrays. Reconstructing full-length transcript isoforms from ...

The dynamic structure and functions of genomes are being revealed simultaneously with the progress of genome analyses. Evidence indicating genome regional characteristics (genome annotations in a broad sense) provide the basis for further analyses. Target listing and screeni ...

In recent years, biological ontologies have emerged as a means of representing and organizing biological concepts, enabling biologists, bioinformaticians, and others to derive meaning from large datasets. This chapter provides an overview of formal principles and practical co ...

One of the fastest-growing fields in bioinformatics is text mining: the application of natural language processing techniques to problems of knowledge management and discovery, using large collections of biological or biomedical text such as MEDLINE. The techniques used in text min ...

Many bioinformatics tasks involve creating a computational pipeline from existing software components and algorithms. The traditional approach is to glue components together using scripts written in a programming language such as Perl. However, a new, more powerful approach is em ...

Visualization is a powerful method to present and analyze a large amount of data. It is increasingly important in bioinformatics and is used for exploring different types of molecular biological data, such as structural information, high throughput data, and biochemical networks. This ...