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We developed a method for the simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and zearalenone in wheat and biscuit by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry coupled with immunoaffinity extraction. This chapter descr ...

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic filamentous fungi. With regard to the widespread distribution of fungi in the environment, mycotoxins are considered to be one of the most important natural contaminants in foods and feeds. To protect consumers’ health and reduce ec ...

Trichothecenes are secondary metabolites of Fusarium, Stachybotrys, Myrothecium, Trichothecium, and other fungal genera and are classified into two groups, macrocyclic and nonmacrocyclic trichothecenes (see Chapter 15 for the former). Although about 100 nonmacrocyclic ...

Deoxynivalenol (3, 7, 15-trihydroxy-12, 13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one, DON, Vomitoxin) (see Fig. 1) is a member of the toxic group of fungal metabolites known as trichothecenes. DON is most commonly produced by Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph = Giberella zeae) (1) which is the fungal spe ...

Ochratoxin A (7-L-β-phenylalanylcarbonyl-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-R-methylisocoumarin, Fig. 1) was first isolated in 1965 from A. ochraceus (1). Meanwhile several Aspergillus and Penicillium species are known to produce ochratoxin A. The toxin frequently occurs ...

Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) Fig. 1) is a toxic, indole tetramic acid that was originally isolated from Penicillium cyclopium Westling (1) and subsequently reported to be produced by numerous species of Penicillium and Aspergillus (2). Among the species of Aspergillus that produce CPA is A. flav ...

Aflatoxin M1 is the 4-hydroxy derivative of aflatoxin B1 (see Fig. 1). Aflatoxin M1 appears in milk and milk products as the direct result of the intake of aflatoxin B1 -contaminated feed by dairy cows (1). The amount excreted as aflatoxin M1, as a percentage of aflatoxin B1 in feed, is usually 1-4% (2), but values as ...

The aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by certain Aspergillus species, in particular Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The aflatoxins are extremely potent mutagens, are suspected human carcinogens, and can adversely affect animal health and agricult ...

Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) has been used to separate a few mycotoxin types: trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, and anthraquinones (1–9). In contrast, most of the known mycotoxins are amenable to high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation (10). Accordingly, ...

The detection and quantitation of mycotoxins requires pure standards or standards for which the purity and identity are known. Methods for identifying and calibrating standards are necessary. Few commercial sources exist for the mycotoxins discussed in this volume, and for most myco ...

Mycotoxins are a large group of secondary fungal metabolites possessing significantly different chemical and physical properties. Because of this diversity, no general procedures can be developed for the isolation and purification of all of the different mycotoxins. The aim of this ...

It is important to be able to detect and quantify the mycotoxin concentration in food and feedstuffs destined for human and animal consumption. In research, regulatory, and quality assurance activities, correct decisions concerning the fate of commercial lots can only be made if mycotoxin ...

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds, i.e., metabolites not essential to the normal functioning of the cells. Molds are ubiquitous in nature and are universally found where environmental conditions are conducive to mold growth. Because molds are present in soil a ...

Citrinin is a toxic metabolite produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium (1), and was originally isolated as an experimental antibiotic from fermentation cultures of Penicillium citrinum in 1931 (2). Even today, liquid cultures of toxigenic Penicillia, such as P. citr ...

Moniliformin is a fungal metabolite structurally characterized as the sodium or potassium salt of 1-hydroxycyclobut-1-ene-3,4-dione (1; Fig. 1). It was first isolated in 1973 from a corn culture that had been inoculated with Fusarium proliferatum, but that had been misidentified as the cl ...

The fumonisins are an economically important group of mycotoxins that occur worldwide in corn and corn-based products. They are produced by a number of Fusarium species, of which F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum are the most common, as they infect corn crops around the world (1). Although a number of ...

Zearalenone (6--β-resorcyclic acid lactone), also known as F-2 toxin, is an estrogenic mycotoxin that is produced by Fusarium graminearum (1). This fungus can infect cereal grains and can elaborate large quantities of zearalenone. The mycotoxin can co-occur with trichothecenes synth ...

The filamentous fungus Stachybotrys atra (also known as S. chartarum) has a colorful past. S. atra was first described over 150 years ago by Corda in 1837, who isolated the mold from damp wallpaper in a home in Prague. Although S. atra-related animal intoxications have no doubt existed for some time, it was n ...

Patulin, 4-hydroxy-4H-furopyran-2(6H)-one (Fig. 1), is alactone containing secondary metabolite of several species of Penicillium and Aspergillus. P. expansum is the most common mold producing patulin in apples, pears, and cherries. Patulin contamination is primarily associat ...

Ergot is a parasitic infection of cereal grains by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. The visible symptom of ergot is the presence of dark purple sclerotia (or “ergot bodies”) in place of the cereal kernel. Within these sclerotia the fungus produces ergot alkaloids as secondary metabolites (i.e., t ...