实验基础

Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) that are believed to be indispensable to initiate a primary immune response (1,2). DC are migratory cells that exhibit complex trafficking properties in vivo, involving interaction with vascular and lymphatic e ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise a dynamic cellular system with a continuous traffic throughout the body. DCs connect nonlymphoid and lymphoid tissues via the lymph and blood, and transport antigenic information from most parts of the body to the immune system (1). To understand the migratory ...

The skin is an immunologically active tissue; the integrated skin immune system comprises epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), dermal dendritic cells (DC), tissue macrophages, mast cells, and T lymphocytes in transit. Cutaneous immune function is orchestrated through the action of cyto ...

Fc receptors specific for IgG (FcγR) potentiate the immune response by facilitating the interaction between myeloid cells and antibody-coated targets (1-3). Monocyte and neutrophil FcyR engagement can lead to the induction of lytic-type mechanisms associated with innate respon ...

Newly generated dendritic cells (DC) migrate from the bone marrow to the nonlymphoid tissues presumably through the blood stream (peripheral blood DC). During injury, tissue DC (such as Langerhans cells in the epidermis) capture antigen and then, under microenvironmental signals, le ...

The cell biology of intracellular compartments and their interrelationships require detailed knowledge of the proteins that characterize the compartment and that are involved in the communication between them. To date, this can be best achieved by high resolution immunoelectron ...

The initiation and propagation of the immune responses is dependent on the ability of antigen-presenting cells (APC) to convert proteins into peptides, to load them intracellularly onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and then to deliver the peptide-MHC complexes to the plas ...

The detection of intracellular cytokines using flow cytometry is a relatively new technique that allows simultaneous labeling of cytokines and cell surface proteins. In contrast with other techniques such as ELISA, bioassays, or PCR that have been used to examine cytokine production in ...

Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen presenting cells capable of initiating T-cell-dependent immune responses (1-5). This biologic potential can be harnessed to elicit effective antigen-specific immune responses by transferring the relevant antigens to the DC. Once the ...

Dendritic cells (DC) are highly specialized antigen-presenting cells (APC) in both primary and secondary T-cell responses. This may be related to their expression of high levels of MHC class I and II antigens (1-4), costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86 (5,6), and production of cytokines ...

To minimize or prevent the spread of an acute virus infection, the antiviral immune response must detect and lyse virus-infected cells before virus replicates or is released from the host cell. The immune response has developed both innate and specific responses to meet this objective. Virus ...

Natural killer (NK) cells have become increasingly recognized as integral members of the host cellular immune response. The purpose of this section is to review the general biology of NK cells, their role in antiadenoviral immunity, and outline the most commonly used method to assess NK-cell l ...

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is an important event in the normal development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms (1). Apoptosis is regulated by a number of genes that promote or suppress cell death. The bcl-2 family of genes constitute important regulators of apoptosis. Sev ...

Adenoviruses (Ads), like other DNA tumor viruses, have evolved specific regulatory genes that facilitate virus replication by controlling the transcription of other viral genes as well as that of key cellular genes that regulate cell-cycle progression and cellular DNA synthesis. Of p ...

Mammalian-cell microinjection is a powerful method for analyzing the in vivo functions of viral genes and viral gene products. By microinjection, a controlled amount (ranging from 1 to many thousands of copies) of a viral or cellular gene, a protein product of a gene, a polypeptide fragment encod ...

Important insights into cell growth and transcriptional regulation have been realized by correlating adenovirus ElA-induced cell-growth-control mechanisms with ElA’s specific interactions with host-cell proteins (see ref. 4). A key method for directly demonstrating these ...

Adenovirus has contributed significantly to our current understanding of the organization and expression of genes in eukaryotic cells. The most startling discovery was probably the observation that most adenovirus mRNAs are encoded from discontinuous DNA segments. The split- ...

Adenoviruses carry their DNA genome into postmitotic nuclei of a variety of human cells, either within an organism (in vivo) or outside an organism in culture (ex vivo) (1). Recombinant adenoviruses are developed m many laboratories as gene-delivery vehicles to treat hereditary and acquir ...

Adenovirus (Ad)-infected cells have been used extensively as a model system for studying the expression of eukaryotic genes and were instrumental in elucidating steps m the production of RNA. Much of this work involved genetic and molecular analyses of viral gene expression. Recent advan ...

An important step m the development of modern experimental virology was the development of the plaque assay, first with bacteriophage, then with eukaryotic viruses. In order to obtain quantitative, interpretable, and reproducible results, it is necessary to know how much virus is being us ...