An Overview of DNA Typing Methods for Human Identification: Past, Present, and Future

This chapter presents a brief introduction to the historical development of current technologies used in DNA analysis for human identification. The text describes the development of the PCR and short tandem repeats along with subsequent advances in instrumentation such as real-time PCR and capillary electrophoresis. These techniques have brought about a revolution in DNA typing methods through increased efficiency and the application of multiplex fluorescence detection. More recently the development of new STR based typing methods utilizing mini- and Y-STR PCR multiplexes has increased the flexibility of the investigator, permitting the analysis of inhibited and degraded DNA. Future directions for DNA typing are also discussed, including the development of methods for touch samples based on low copy DNA analysis and the determination of tissue/cell type.