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灭菌消毒（Steam Sterilization）

互联网2013-09-05

1786

Steam Sterilization: Autoclaving

Autoclave

		An autoclave is a self locking machine that sterilizes with steam under pressure.
	Sterilization is achieved by the high temperature that steam under pressure can reach.
	The high pressure also ensures saturation of wrapped surgical packs.

Autoclave Settings	Temperature (F)	Pressure (PSI)	Time (min)
General Wrapped Items	250	20	30
Bottled Solutions	250	20	30
'Flashing'	270	30	4-7

Preparation for sterilization

All instruments must be double wrapped in linen or special paper or placed in a special metal box equipped with a filter before sterilization.

'Flashing' is when an instrument is autoclaved unwrapped for a shorter period of time. 'Flashing' is often used when a critical instrument is dropped.

Color Change Sterilization Indicators

The white stripes on the tape change to black when the appropriate conditions (temperature) have been met.

Indicators should be on the inside and outside of equipment pack.

Expiration dates should be printed on all equipment packs.

Color indicators are also included on the outside and inside of equipment sterilized in paper packages.

Biological sterilization indicators contain spores that are supplied in closed containers and are included with the instrument being autoclaved. Inability to culture the spores after autoclaving confirms adequate sterilization. Biological indicators are the most accurate sterilization indicators.

Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: ETO Gas

Large Two-Chamber EtO Sterilizer

Colorless gas, very toxic and flammable .

Requires special equipment

Odor similar to ether.

Used for heat sensitive instruments: plastics, suture material, lenses and finely sharpened instruments.

Materials must be well aerated after sterilization.

Materials/instruments must be dry.

This specific type of EtO sterilizer is only found in larger veterinary hospitals

Compact One-Chamber EtO Sterilizer

Anprolene® is the most commonly used EtO sterilizer in veterinary practices

Cartridges release 100% pure ethylene oxide

Kills all known viruses,bacteria (including spores), and fungi

Annual safety inspections are recommended

For more information on the Anprolene® system, go to the commercial vendors section

<big></big><big><a name="Cold (Chemical) Sterilization:">Cold (Chemical) Sterilization: </a></big>

Instruments must be dry before immersion.

Glutaraldehyde (Cidex) is the most common disinfectant.

3 hours exposure time is needed to destroy spores.

Glutaraldehyde is bactericidal, fungicidal, viricidal, and sporicidal.

<big></big><big><a name="Radiation Sterilization:">Radiation Sterilization: </a></big>

High energy ionizing radiation destroys microorganisms and is used to sterilize prepacked surgical equipment.

Used for instruments that can't be sterilized by heat or chemicals.

Radiation sterilization is being promoted as an alternative to ETO sterilization.

Care needs to be taken because not all materials can be irradiated successfully

Currently used by manufacturers, but not used in veterinary hospitals

Common sources of radiation include electron beam and Cobalt-60

For more information on specific sterilizers which utilize radiation, go to the commercial vendors section

Filter Sterilization:

<center> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <img alt="Filter1.gif (31848 bytes)" height="178" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/surgery/images/gifs/filter1.gif" width="288" /> </td> <td> <img height="14" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/surgery/images/gifs/ball1.gif" width="14" /> </td> <td> Filters are used for removal of microorganisms in fluids and gases. They come in a wide variety of types and sizes. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img height="14" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/surgery/images/gifs/ball1.gif" width="14" /> </td> <td> A 0.2 micron filter is required to remove bacteria from fluids. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img height="14" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/surgery/images/gifs/ball1.gif" width="14" /> </td> <td> The filter is placed in the IV line or on a syringe, so that the contaminated solution is sterilized before reaching the patient. </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center>

<big></big><big><a name="Gas Plasma:">Gas Plasma: </a><a name="Gas Plasma:"> </a></big>

<center> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <img height="14" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/surgery/images/gifs/ball1.gif" width="14" /> </td> <td> Based on a patented process involving the generation of a low-temperature hydrogen-peroxide gas plasma </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img height="14" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/surgery/images/gifs/ball1.gif" width="14" /> </td> <td> Recently on the market, its efficiency in practice is still unproven </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img height="14" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/surgery/images/gifs/ball1.gif" width="14" /> </td> <td> Requires only a 74 minute cycle time and leaves no toxic residues or emissions </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img height="14" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/surgery/images/gifs/ball1.gif" width="14" /> </td> <td> Unlike EtO, it does not require special installation, ventilation, or aeration </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img height="14" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/surgery/images/gifs/ball1.gif" width="14" /> </td> <td> Effectively sterilizes most heat- and moisture-sensitive medical devices and surgical instruments </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img height="14" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/surgery/images/gifs/ball1.gif" width="14" /> </td> <td> For more information, go to STERRAD® in the commercial vendors section </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center>

相关产品链接（生物谷）

仪器库 >>实验室常用设备 >>消毒/灭菌

仪器库 >>实验室安全设备 >> 超净工作台

试剂库 >>临床检测试剂 >> 生化检测

试剂库 >>细胞培养 >>细菌检测

试剂库 >>临床检测试剂 >>传染病检测

耗材库 >> 常用耗材 >>手套

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		All instruments must be double wrapped in linen or special paper or placed in a special metal box equipped with a filter before sterilization.
	'Flashing' is when an instrument is autoclaved unwrapped for a shorter period of time. 'Flashing' is often used when a critical instrument is dropped.

		The white stripes on the tape change to black when the appropriate conditions (temperature) have been met.
	Indicators should be on the inside and outside of equipment pack.
	Expiration dates should be printed on all equipment packs.

		Colorless gas, very toxic and flammable .
	Requires special equipment
	Odor similar to ether.
	Used for heat sensitive instruments: plastics, suture material, lenses and finely sharpened instruments.
	Materials must be well aerated after sterilization.
	Materials/instruments must be dry.
	This specific type of EtO sterilizer is only found in larger veterinary hospitals

Compact One-Chamber EtO Sterilizer
		Anprolene® is the most commonly used EtO sterilizer in veterinary practices
	Cartridges release 100% pure ethylene oxide
	Kills all known viruses,bacteria (including spores), and fungi
	Annual safety inspections are recommended
	For more information on the Anprolene® system, go to the commercial vendors section

	High energy ionizing radiation destroys microorganisms and is used to sterilize prepacked surgical equipment.
	Used for instruments that can't be sterilized by heat or chemicals.
	Radiation sterilization is being promoted as an alternative to ETO sterilization.
	Care needs to be taken because not all materials can be irradiated successfully
	Currently used by manufacturers, but not used in veterinary hospitals
	Common sources of radiation include electron beam and Cobalt-60
	For more information on specific sterilizers which utilize radiation, go to the commercial vendors section