Cellular Delivery of Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs)

Cellular delivery methods are a prerequisite for cellular studies with PNA. This chapter describes PNA cellular delivery using cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)–PNA conjugates and transfection of PNA–ligand conjugates mediated by cationic lipids. Furthermore, two endosomolytic procedures employing chloroquine treatment or photochemical internalization (PCI) for significantly improving PNA delivery efficacy are described.