抗体应用

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I human genes have been divided into two different subgroups. The classical class I loci, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B and -C, encode highly polymorphic membrane glycoproteins. These proteins present intracellular-derived pe ...

The chromosome 6 database (6ace) is one of a suite of databases available at the Sanger Centre, which serve the human genome sequencing communities of several chromosomes (1, 6, 20, 22, and X). Data may be retrieved in graphical or textural form using interactive windows and menus or simple command text ...

Human leukocyte antigen DM (HLA-DM) is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-like molecule that facilitates antigen processing by catalyzing the exchange of invariant chain-derived peptides (CLIP) from class II molecules for antigenic peptides. The genes encoding H ...

As a practical method for the identification of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I or II alleles, the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) approach has almost entirely been superceded by other DNA-based methods, in particular those based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR ...

Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) as a method for the definition of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles has most often been applied as a typing technique for HLA class II. The best and most comprehensive overview is provided by Inoko and Ota (1). Me ...

The advantages of using molecular methods instead of serological typing to define the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system have been well shown in transplantation and disease association studies (1,2). There are many molecular methods available to define the HLA alleles. Described in t ...

The class II molecules of the human major histocompatibility complex are cell surface glycoproteins encoded by a series of genes located on the short arm of chromosome 6 in the HLA-D region. These molecules consist of an α and � chain that associate as heterodimers on the surface of antigen presenting ...

Comparison of HLA allelic sequences reveals a patchwork pattern in which individual alleles are defined by unique combinations of sequence motifs. Although each individual motif may be shared with other alleles, only a few alleles have specific sequences that are not present in other alle ...

The use of molecular typing methods for defining human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class I and Class II alleles is now commonplace. Molecular methods offer a greater accuracy than traditional serological methods (1–5) which is reflected in many disease and transplantation studies (6–9). This ...

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes located within the human major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 are probably the most polymorphic functional genetic loci studied to date. The functional HLA genes encode protein molecules that function in antigen presentation wi ...

TAP1 and TAP2 (for transporter associated with antigen processing) are two ATP-binding bassette (ABC) transporter genes located within the class II region of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (1). Their protein products form a heterodimer within the membrane of the endo ...

Complement C4 is the only component coded for by two nearly identical isotypic genes, C4A and C4B. The C4 genes are located tandemly arranged each with a steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21) gene at its 3′ end, together with the genes for C2 and factor B in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III ge ...

The second component of human complement, C2, is a 102-kDa single-chain glycoprotein. It provides the catalytic subunit for the C3/C5 convertases of the classical and lectin pathways of complement activation. The single gene encoding C2 spans about 18 kb of DNA and is composed of 18 exons (1). It has be ...

The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related genes A and B (MICA and MICB) are located within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I region of chromosome 6 (1). Their organization, expression, and products differ considerably from classical HLA class I genes (2). MIC ...

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) locus contains the three closely related cytokine genes: TNF, and lymphotoxin α and �. The gene cluster lies at the telomeric end of the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) approximately 1 megabase telomeric to the human leukocyte anti ...

The human genome contains 50,000–100,000 microsatellite repeats of (CA)n occurring every 30–60 kb in euchromatic regions of DNA (1). Their characteristic length polymorphism is probably due to DNA slippage during replication (2). While the normal function of microsatellite loci rem ...

Adhesion molecules mediate recognition of the blood vessels by circulating leukocytes and support their selective targeting to different organs (1). In the vessels, the blood flow imposes peculiar conditions by generating a wall shear stress that opposes leukocyte stable arrest on t ...

On circulating leukocytes, including monocytes and lymphocytes, α4-integrins are expressed in a low-affinity conformation. Low-affinity interactions with its ligand, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), result in leukocyte tethering and rolling under flow (1,2), whe ...

Chemokines are a family of structurally related, small chemoattractant proteins that interact with specific seven-transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate cell migration in chemotactic gradients (1,2). Chemokine-receptor expression is finely regul ...

Leukocyte recruitment has been recognized as an early event in inflammatory processes since the late 19th century. Accumulation and trafficking of leukocytes in tissues under physiological and pathological conditions are orderly (typically neutrophils precede mononucl ...