植物生理

Plastoglobules are particles specifically located inside different types of plastids. They mainly contain lipids and proteins and are physically attached to thylakoids. Proteomic studies have underlined the role of plastoglobules in diverse plastid metabolic pathways, su ...

The posttranslational modification of proteins is important for the regulation of enzymatic activity, protein half-life, and interaction with other molecules. One of the best understood posttranslational modifications is the reversible phosphorylation of proteins at ser ...

Chlorophyll afluorescence has long been used as a noninvasive means to assess photosynthetic performance in plants. Pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry is one of the most common techniques used to study the induction and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in physiol ...

As part of a project to analyze chloroplast functional networks systematically, we have subjected mutants in 3,200 nuclear genes predicted to encode chloroplast-targeted proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana (http://www.plastid.msu.edu) to parallel phenotypic assays. Detail ...

Chloroplasts are the chemical factories of plant cells because they are able to fix inorganic carbon and �convert it to a wide-range of photoassimilates that are exported to the cytosol and other sub-cellular compartments. If the regulation of these processes is to be understood, the in vivo con ...

The vast majority of the several thousands of chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes. Regulation of their expression involves control of their transcription, and thus requires the transmission of information from chloroplast to nucleus (retrograde signalling). The mo ...

Proteomics aimed at addressing subcellular fractions, such as chloroplasts, are a complex challenge. In the past few years, several studies in different laboratories have identified and, more recently, quantified, thousands of proteins within whole chloroplasts or chloroplast ...

The analysis of protein–protein interactions is essential for the understanding of the molecular events in enzymatic pathways, signaling cascades, or transport processes in the chloroplast. A large variety of methods are available, which range from qualitative assays allowing f ...

Protein–protein interactions play crucial roles in the execution of many cellular functions, including those in plastids. Identifying and characterising protein–protein interactions can yield valuable information regarding the function of a protein and can also contribu ...

Since its first description in 1998 (Rigaut et al., Nat Biotech 17:1030–1032, 1999), the TAP method, for Tandem Affinity Purification, has become one of the most popular methods for the purification of in vivo protein complexes and the identification of their composition by subsequent mass spe ...

Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) is a powerful method for separating protein complexes from biological membranes under native conditions. BN-PAGE provides much higher resolution than gel filtration or sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and ...

Photosynthetic machinery in the thylakoid membrane is prone to modifications depending on �environmental, developmental, and morphological parameters. Such plasticity in the composition of the thylakoid membrane protein complexes guarantees efficient function of the ...

Plastids are semiautonomous organelles restricted to plants and protists. These plastids are surrounded by a double membrane system, or envelope. These envelope membranes contain machineries to import nuclear-encoded proteins, and transporters for ions or metabolites, but are ...

For many studies regarding important chloroplast processes such as oxygenic photosynthesis, fractionation of the total chloroplast proteome is a necessary first step. Here, we describe a method for isolating the stromal, the thylakoid membrane, and the thylakoid lumen subchloro ...

High-resolution imaging of the membranous intermediates and cytoskeletal arrays involved in the assembly of a new cell wall during plant cytokinesis requires state-of-the-art electron microscopy techniques. The combination of cryofixation/freeze-substitution meth ...

Computerized molecular modeling continues to increase in capability and applicability to carbohydrates. This chapter covers nomenclature and conformational aspects of carbohydrates, perhaps of greater use to carbohydrate-inexperienced computational chemists. I ...

Plant tissue cultures are an efficient system to study cell wall biosynthesis in living cells in vivo. Tissue cultures also provide cells and culture medium where enzymes and cell wall polymers can easily be separated for further studies. Tissue cultures with tracheary element different ...

This article summarizes the theory and practical aspects of measuring cell wall properties by four different extensometer techniques and how the results of these methods relate to the concept and ideal measurement of cell wall extensibility in the context of cell growth. These in vivo tech ...

The moss Physcomitrella patens has become established as a model for investigating plant gene function due to the feasibility of gene targeting. The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase seq ...

Plant cell wall proteins play essential roles in many important biological processes, and yet there is still not a comprehensive catalogue of the cell wall proteome, or “secretome”. Here, we describe three procedures, including a yeast secretion trap (YST), Agrobacterium-mediated tra ...