神经生物学

Molecular mechanisms underlying subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced cerebral vasospasm are complex and still partially unknown. Molecular-biological studies and clinical trials support a central role of ion channels, but further detailed studies have to evaluate the ...

Impaired cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a main indicator for hemodynamic perfusion deficits of the brain. After aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), vasospasm may cause hemodynamic hypoperfusion and subsequent cortical border zone infarction. In order to provide d ...

The chronic cranial window model offers the possibility of a direct in vivo assessment of the cortical surface and pial vasculature in multiple physiological and pathological CNS states. Within the last years, attention has been paid to inflammatory and microvascular changes after acu ...

Cerebral vasospasm is chiefly due to sustained abnormal contraction of smooth muscle cells. Vasospasm develops several days after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and resolves after 10–14 days. Electrophysiological techniques have been used by several laboratories to elucida ...

Morphological changes in microcirculation during vasospasm have not been fully evaluated. Several techniques evaluating microcirculation during cerebral ischemia can also be used in microcirculatory assessment of vasospasm. In this chapter, some of these techniques that ...

Electron microscopic changes of arterial wall during cerebral vasospasm have been eagerly examined in 1980s. Electron microscopy is still important assessment for investigating the etiology and pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm. The methodology has been established in spi ...

Light microscopy is a fundamental and essential assessment for cerebral vasospasm since the degree of cerebral vasospasm has been evaluated by angiography or light microscopy. Its methodology has already been established. Immunohistological study is also an important assessm ...

Cerebral vasospasm is a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) which can cause cerebral infarction and poor outcome after SAH. Experimental investigations and experimental and clinical therapeutic maneuvers have endeavored to understand the pathogenesis of vasos ...

Morphological changes of vasospastic arteries have already been investigated in many studies, and its details have been clarified. However, morphological assessments are still fundamental and essential in research of vasospasm, since the degree of vasospasm is usually evaluat ...

The below citation that sounds like presented just yesterday, illustrates the problems clinicians and researchers have been facing for more than a half-century. Over those years, we have learnt a lot about subarachnoid hemorrhage, physiology, and pathophysiology of cerebral vessel ...

Cerebral arterial tone is regulated by a concert of contractile signals , and vasodilatory signals in arterial smooth muscle cells. After subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a variety of molecules are released into subarachnoid space and stimulate arterial cells to enhance contractile ...

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a critical second messenger signaling molecule, the modulation of which is a central mode of nervous system function. The development of genetically encoded sensors for cAMP has made it possible to measure cAMP dynamics within living cells with h ...

Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are useful tools for tracking target analytes in cells, tissues and living organisms. These probes are often chimeric proteins consisting of a recognition element (e.g., a ligand-binding protein) and a reporter element (one or more fluore ...

Genetically encoded calcium indicators make it possible to track neural activity on a population-wide level. Here we describe a preparation that enables two-photon imaging of neural activity in an essentially intact fly. We present strategies to minimize motion of the brain, both in prep ...

Recent development of genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) allows us to directly monitor neural activities in in vivo preparations from various organisms, enabling the exploration of neural substrates for complex behaviors. As a showcase for such renovated neuroeth ...

Continuing improvements in genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) make imaging an increasingly attractive method to observe neural activity in the Drosophila brain. Two-photon imaging with GECIs allows calcium signals to be monitored in the entire adult fly central bra ...

A method for imaging the synaptic activity of antennal lobe neurons in the Drosophila brain was developed to visualize and study cellular memory traces. Cellular memory traces are defined as any change in the activity of a neuron that is induced by learning, which subsequently alters the proces ...

Many animals are able to detect a plethora of diverse odorants using arrays of odorant receptors located on the olfactory organs. The olfactory information is subsequently encoded and processed by an overlapping, combinatorial activity of neurons forming complex neural circuits in t ...

Imaging of Ca2+ indicators is widely used to record transient intracellular Ca2+ increases associated with bioelectrical activity. The natural bioluminescent Ca2+ sensor aequorin has been historically the first Ca2+ indicator used to address biological questions. Aequorin is g ...

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus play an important role in the neuroendocrine control of energy homeostasis and growth hormone secretion. These neuropeptides are synthesized in such small quantities th ...