实验基础

Mastitis is a general term that refers to the inflammation of the mammary gland. It is the most common illness in dairy farms and it has different causes, mainly a great number of germs that infect the gland.

The epithelial cells in the small intestine are covered by a relatively thick layer of mucus, secreted by specialized cells, which consists of mucin, many small associated proteins, glycoproteins, lipids, and glycolipids. The mucus contains receptors that recognize specific adhesi ...

Lactobacilli are the predominant microorganisms in the vaginal tract of human and some homeothermic animals (1). They can maintain the ecological equilibrium of the tract by protecting against pathogenic microorganisms (2). In the last few years, there has been an increased tendency to u ...

Respiratory tract infections are among the bacterial infections that affect humans with higher frequency. Those produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae are reported to have the highest incidence in the world, affecting both children and old people. As a 2001 report from the World Health Or ...

The use of probiotic microorganisms has been widely promoted in the last 20 years (1). Probiotics have applied to the gastrointestinal tract as capsules or as fermented milks (2). The characteristics of the strains proposed as probiotics have been published (3) or patented after elaboration ...

Bacteriocins have been defined as proteinaceous, bactericidal substances synthesized by bacteria, which usually have a narrow spectrum of activity, only inhibiting strains of the same or closely related species (1). The term bacteriocin-like substance is applied to antagonistic ...

Restoration of the balance of different ecological niches has been proposed as a way to control the income of pathogenic microorganisms (1). The genus Lactobacillus has been used in different human and animal tracts as probiotic microorganisms with this objective in mind (2). The character ...

Bacteriocins are antibacterial substances of a proteinaceous nature that are produced by different bacterial species. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce biologically active peptides or protein complexes that display a bactericidal mode of action almost exclusively toward G ...

The flavonoids, constituting one of the most numerous and widespread groups of natural plant constituents, are important to humans not only because they contribute to plant colors but also because many members are physiologically active. These lowmolecular-weight substances, fo ...

The biogenic amines are low-weight organic bases that exhibit variable biological activity. Approximately 30 vasoactive and psycoactive amines have been found in foodstuffs (1). Histamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, and sp ...

Cosmetics are products of chemical or natural origin dedicated specifically for use in skin and mucosa (1). The constant development of the cosmetic industry has generated the necessity to carry out microbiological analysis on the raw materials used in the industrial production of cosme ...

Cleaning and disinfection in the food industry are critical in the production process, and the efficacy of the disinfectants used is frequently debated (1). Several factors are involved in the effectiveness of a disinfectant agent. It is important to consider the number and type of microorga ...

Contamination of foods by the environment has direct public health and keeping quality significance. The food factory environment (with raw materials and processing) governs the numbers and types of microorganisms in finished products (1). Use of the appropriate sampling procedur ...

In recent years, numerous contamination outbreaks, involving various pathogens (i.e., Listeria and Salmonella), have increased concern over food preservation. Research efforts have focused on the discovery of new molecules targeting such foodborne pathogens and therefore ab ...

Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in the freshwater environment. Their success as a group in a wide range of aquatic habitats has been attributed to their unique physiological characteristics and their high adaptive ability over a wide range of environmental conditions. They are capable of r ...

Recent outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in the United States and other countries (1,2), as well as the emergence of cryptosporidiosis as a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in immunodeficient individuals (3), have raised the interest of the rese ...

Consumption of contaminated water has been implicated as a major source of Cryptosporidium infection in various outbreak investigations and case control studies. Surveys conducted in various regions of the United States demonstrated the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in ...

Bacterial virulence factors such as toxins are often encoded by bacteriophages. Among other examples, factors encoded by phages have been described in some of the emerging or re-emerging pathogens, including the pyrogenic exotoxin A production in group A streptococci (1), the cholera to ...

Antimicrobial resistance determinants may be transferred among bacteria via mobile genetic elements including plasmids, transposons, and the more recently explored integrons (1). Integrons are naturally occurring genetic elements found as part of the Tn21 transposon family ...

Rapid, accurate, and sensitive determination of antibiotic resistance profiles of various human and animal pathogens becomes a vital prerequisite for successful therapeutic intervention in the face of the increased occurrences of drug-resistant bacterial infections. The c ...