实验基础

Fumonisin mycotoxins are common contaminants in many grains, often at very low levels. Maize is �particularly problematic as one of the organisms that commonly produce fumonisins, the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, often exists as an endophyte of maize. Fumonisin is a potent inhibi ...

A sensitive and selective analytical method for the quantitative determination of fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in maize-based foods for direct human consumption is described. The method, based on high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection, presents a r ...

A sensitive and reliable analytical method based on immunoaffinity chromatography cleanup followed by HPLC separation and fluorimetric detection is described for the quantitative determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk. The chromatographic separation is accomplished by us ...

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with on-line post-column photochemical derivatization and fluorimetric detection for the simultaneous separation and quantitative determination of aflatoxin (AF) B1, B2, G1, and G2 in foodstuffs and feed materials is repor ...

A novel method for aflatoxin B (AFB) determination is proposed. The AFB determination is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE, from electric eel) inhibition, and the AChE residual activity is determined using the colorimetric method (Ellman’s method). To select and optimize the analyt ...

Aspergillus flavus is an important fungal species that frequently contaminates food commodities with diverse toxins, with aflatoxins being the most relevant in food safety. In addition, this is one of the major pathogenic Aspergillus species. In this work, specific PCR-based protocol ...

T cells recognize antigens via the T-cell receptor (TCR). Diversity in antigen recognition by T cells is generated in part by the recombination of V, (D), J, and C segments of the TCR. It is further enhanced by the N region, in addition to non-germline-encoded nucleotides at the V–(D)–J junction. It is generally ...

The accumulating knowledge about host–pathogen interactions in infectious diseases shows how the immune system interfaces with pathogens, and thus, helps us in understanding the pathogenesis of diseases and improving their treatment. Purified antigens are indispensable wh ...

Techniques to analyze the host immune response elicited by the presence of oral microorganisms and their products are central to our understanding of the local and systemic effects of oral diseases. This immune response has been extensively investigated for periodontal disease. The lo ...

Improved understanding of dental enamel development will benefit not only dentistry but also biomedicine more generally. Rat and mouse models of enamel development are relatively well characterized and experimentally powerful. However, the diminutive size of murine teeth mak ...

For the determination of key factors or devices that promote periodontal regeneration, preclinical investigations using in vivo animal models are critical for evaluating the biological responses before human clinical trial testing. In this chapter, we provide an overview on the co ...

Human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are a unique population of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which demonstrate the capacity to generate cementum- and periodontal ligament-like structures in vivo. As such, PDLSCs represent a promising cell-based therapy in reconstruc ...

The in vitro culture of embryonic tissue explants allows the continuous monitoring of growth and morphogenesis at specific embryonic stages. The functions of soluble regulatory molecules can be examined by adding them into culture medium or by introducing them with beads to specific lo ...

The development of analytical methods enabling the accurate identification and enumeration of bacterial species colonizing the oral cavity has led to the identification of a small number of bacterial pathogens that are major factors in the etiology of periodontal disease. Further, t ...

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a powerful tool for kinetic analyses of protein–protein interactions. Here we describe the application of this method to study interactions of membrane proteins involved in multidrug efflux in Escherichia coli.These so-called multidrug efflux ...

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a useful research tool to explore the exopolysaccharides (EPS) in bacterial biofilms. Here, we describe the analysis of different biofilms of Myxococcus xanthusformed in a modified chamber slide system with CLSM. In conjunction with seve ...

Polysialic acid capsules are the major virulence factors in Escherichia coliK1, K92, and groups B and C meningococci. The sialic acid monomers (2-keto-3-deoxy-5-acetamido-7,8,9-d-glycero-d-galacto-nonulosonic acids) comprising these homopolymeric polysaccharide ch ...

A large number of bacterial species move smoothly on solid surfaces in the absence of extracellular �organelles. In the deltaproteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus, this surface motion, termed gliding motility, involves a novel macromolecular machinery Agl-Glt. During the motili ...

Pili or fimbriae are recognized as essential virulence determinants assembled on the bacterial surface. Gram-positive bacteria produce covalently linked pilus structures that are distinct from gram-negative counterparts. In this chapter, we describe three commonly used te ...

Curli are proteinaceous fibrous structures produced on the surface of many gram-negative bacteria. As a major constituent of the extracellular matrix, curli mediate interactions between the bacteria and its environment, and as such, curli play a critical role in biofilm formation. Cur ...