Extraction and Analysis of Fumonisins and Compounds Indicative of Fumonisin Exposure in Plant and Mammalian Tissues and Cultured Cells

Fumonisin mycotoxins are common contaminants in many grains, often at very low levels. Maize is �particularly problematic as one of the organisms that commonly produce fumonisins, the fungus Fusarium verticillioides , often exists as an endophyte of maize. Fumonisin is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme ceramide synthase, and this inhibition results in the accumulation of a variety of upstream compounds, most notably, the sphingoid bases sphingosine, sphinganine, 1-deoxysphinganine and, in plants, phytosphingosine. Fumonisin exposure results in a wide variety of species, sex, and strain-specific responses. This method provides a relatively fast means of extracting fumonisins, sphingoid bases, and sphingoid base 1-phosphates from tissues and cells, as well as the subsequent analyses and quantification of these compounds using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.