抗体抗原实验

Adjuvants have been used to augment the immune response to antigens for more than 70 years. Ramon first demonstrated that it was possible to increase levels of diphtheria or tetanus antitoxin by the addition of bread crumbs, agar, tapioca, starch oil, lecithin, or saponin to the vaccines (1). In this ch ...

There are no officially recognized regulations for the design and toxicity testing of adjuvants or adjuvant formulations; the former are also referred to as immunomodulators and immunopotentiators. At the “Immunological Adjuvants and Vaccines” meeting held in Greece in 1988, howe ...

Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli and Cholera toxin (CT) from Vibro cholerae are known to be potent mucosal immunogens. These toxins have 80% sequence homology and a similar tertiary structure (1,4), and both elicit potent serum IgG and mucosal IgA responses (5,6). Moreover, b ...

Freund’s adjuvants are water-in-mineral oil emulsions (W/O emulsions) without heat-killed mycobacteria added (Freund’s incomplete adjuvant) or with heat-killed mycobacteria added (Freund’s complete adjuvant). Freund’s adjuvants are, in a way, historic adjuvants and for many ...

Aluminum compounds, including aluminum phosphate (AlPO4), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), and alum precipitated vaccines, historically referred to as protein aluminate, are currently the most commonly used adjuvants with human and veterinary vaccines (1–6). These adjuvants are ...

Over the last 20 years, the adjuvant effect achieved through the association of antigens with polymeric microparticles has been repeatedly demonstrated (1,2). Encapsulation of antigens into microparticles, including submicron particles (nanoparticles), promotes their e ...

Despite the recent advances in vaccine technology, there is still a need for safe and effective adjuvants to potentiate the immune responses to subunit immunogens (1). Depending on the disease in question, the vaccine-induced protection may require either a predominantly antibody-me ...

Nanoparticles are solid particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm (1 μm). They consist of macromolecular materials and can be used therapeutically or prophylactically, for example, as adjuvants in vaccines or drug carriers, in which the active principle (drug or biologically active mater ...

The need for an effective and safe immunological adjuvant or vaccine carrier that could promote appropriate immune responses to vaccines is well recognized (1,2). This is especially true for most of the subunit vaccine and synthetic peptide antigens, which are not only costly or available in s ...

Immunization is the most effective defense mechanism against microbial infections today. Although highly effective vaccines are currently available for a number of infectious diseases, vaccine formulations can still be improved in a number of important areas. Issues of safety, st ...

Antibody engineering has generally been carried out by displaying mouse or human antibodies or antibody fragments on the surface of microorganisms (phage, bacteria, and yeast). We have shown that mammalian cells can be used to display single-chain antibody fragments (scFvs) for affini ...

Affinity maturation is an important part of the therapeutic antibody development process as in vivo activity often requires high binding affinity. Here, we describe a targeted approach for affinity improvement of therapeutic antibodies. Sets of CDR residues that are solvent access ...

In past years, both laboratory and early clinical studies have demonstrated that bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) may have significant potential application in cancer therapy either by targeting tumor cells with cytotoxic agents including effector cells, radionuclides, drugs, ...

Antibodies can be conjugated to effector molecules to derive targeted therapeutics with properties such as cell-specific cytotoxicity. The murine anti-CD22 antibody RFB4 linked to a member of the ribonuclease A superfamily, Onconase (Onc), becomes a potential drug candidate for no ...

Immunogenicity is a major limitation to therapy with certain monoclonal antibodies and proteins. A major driver for immunogenicity is the presence of human T-cell epitopes within the protein sequence which can activate helper T-cells resulting in the sustained production of antibo ...

Conjugates of antibodies with cytotoxic agents offer a targeted therapeutic strategy against cancer cells expressing target antigens. Several antibodies against various cancer cell-surface antigens have been conjugated with different cytotoxic agents that inhibit ess ...

ImmunoRNases represent a highly attractive alternative to conventional immunotoxins for cancer therapy. Quantitative production of immunoRNases in appropriate expression systems, however, remains a major challenge for further clinical development of these novel com ...

Interest in the potential of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to serve as therapeutic agents has surged in the past decade with a major emphasis on human viral diseases. There has been much attention in this area directed towards the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and promising rese ...

The increasing demand for recombinant antibodies as detection reagents in research, diagnostics, and therapy requires appropriate production systems. In contrast to antibody therapies, small recombinant antibody fragments like Fab and scFv are sufficient for most applicat ...

Monoclonal antibodies are increasingly used for treatment of various diseases, mostly cancer therapy and auto-immune diseases. New chimeric, humanized, or fully-human antibodies specific to novel or already validated targets are being developed in many academic labs as well as in co ...