基因表达差异显示实验

Regulatory authorities in Western Europe require transgenic crops to be substantially equivalent to conventionally bred forms if they are to be approved for commercial production. One way to establish substantial equivalence is to compare the transcript profiles of developing g ...

Wheat is a major crop in world agriculture and is consumed after processing into a range of food products. It is therefore of great importance to determine the consequences (intended and unintended) of transgenesis in wheat and whether genetically modified lines are substantially equiva ...

Modern ‘metabolomic’ methods allow us to compare levels of many structurally diverse compounds in an automated fashion across a large number of samples. This technology is ideally suited to screening of populations of plants, including trials where the aim is the determination of uninte ...

The development of gene transformation systems has allowed the introgression of alien genes into plant genomes, thus providing a mechanism for broadening the genetic resources available to plant breeders. The design and the management of field trials vary according to the purpose for wh ...

Following the success of transgenic maize and rice, methods have now been developed for the efficient introduction of genes into wheat, barley and oats. This review summarizes the present position in relation to these three species, and also uses information from field trial databases and the ...

GM risk assessments play an important role in the decision-making process surrounding the regulation, notification and permission to handle Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). Ultimately the role of a GM risk assessment will be to ensure the safe handling and containment of the GMO; a ...

Mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) are appealing vectors for transgenesis and gene therapy applications. Their principal benefits include large DNA-carrying capacity and the ability to replicate in synchrony with the host genome. In addition, introducing genes into art ...

With the completion of the sequencing phase of the Human Genome Project and the availability of fully sequenced clones containing intact functional loci from the various high-quality human P1- and F-plasmid derived/bacterial artificial chromosome (PAC/BAC) genomic libraries (1 ...

Chromosomes of domestic animals have attracted the attention of both scientists and breeders because chromosomal abnormalities have been strictly correlated with the reduced fertility in cattle carrying rob(1;29) (1). Domestic animal cytogenetics has expanded noticeably, e ...

The rationale for building artificial chromosomes (ACs) has been critically reviewed by various authors at different stages of this line of investigation, initiated in the early 1980s.

Whole genome sequencing of several species, including our own, constitutes a good starting point for the study of various functions of the chromosome on a whole genome scale. Mapping of meiotic recombination hotspots (the sites in which recombination occurs more frequently than at an aver ...

Genomic imprinting is a regulatory mechanism by which, at certain gene loci, one of the two alleles becomes repressed according to its parental origin. This chapter focuses on mammalian imprinting, which regulates not only the parental allele-specific gene expression on autosomal chr ...

A functional centromere is formed by a chromosomal domain that very often, but not always, is recognizable by a primary constriction in metaphasic chromosomes. It is associated with a kinetochore through which a link is established with the microtubules, which pull the sister chromatids to ...

DNA replication is the key process for the conservation and transmission of genetic information in all living organisms. The bi-directional DNA replication does not start randomly along the genome but rather at precise chromosomal regions, defined as origins of DNA replication where, a ...

Barring exceptional instances, the DNA contained in eukaryotic chromosomes is linear. Linearity of the chromosomal DNA and the compartmentalized architecture of the eukaryotic cell are the two principle features that distinguish the prokaryotes from the eukaryotes and that have ...

Telomerization is an operational term for appparent immortalization sustained by prevention of telomere shortening. It is always necessary to use the term apparent because immortalization, if taken literally, requires one to demonstrate that cells divide forever, a property that ...

The functional organization of the eukaryotic chromosome was first elucidated at a molecular level in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, providing the basis for the successful creation of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) (1). The structures that confer chromosome f ...

Subtractive cloning is an ideal technique for identifying genes differentially expressed in two nuclear acids population (1). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based subtraction is the method of choice when the starting samples are heterogeneous or difficult to obtain, which of ...

Heat will separate or &quote;melt&quote; double-stranded DNA into single-stranded DNA by disrupting its hydrogen bonds. T m (melting temperature) is the temperature at which half the DNA strands are single-stranded and half are double-stranded. T m characterizes the stability of the DNA h ...

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) optimization and troubleshooting can consume considerable energy and resources because of the finicky and often unpredictable nature of the reactions. Small variations in any of the many variables in a given reaction can have a pronounced effect on the re ...