实验仪器使用技术

Assays for proteolytic activity are often used to confirm a functional role for enzymes involved with CNS pathobiology. In studies focused on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically those investigating the role of gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), gelatin zymography is used to ass ...

In many neurobiological experiments, identifying the presence and/or quantitative change of specific proteins as well as their associating partners will contribute to the understanding of their chronological and physiological functions in the brain. Methods such as Western b ...

Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke alters microRNA (miRNA) expression in animals and patients. The recent discovery of miRNAs as key regulators of gene function has introduced a new level and mechanism of gene regulation, with estimates that greater than one-third of all human genes may be regu ...

Brain ischemia and injuries often cause alterations in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, which underlies impaired brain functions, such as learning and memory deficit and epilepsy. Field potential recording (FPR) and whole-cell patch clamp recording are electrophysio ...

Electrical activity is one of the major ways by which neurons communicate with each other. To understand how the brain works in physiological and pathological conditions, we need to know how the neuron works by monitoring the electrical activities of the neuron at different circumstances. M ...

Neurons within the central nervous system transmit information as a pulsed electrical code which is conducted down specialized processes (axons) that connect with other neurons. Each neuron can potentially connect with many other neurons and vice versa. At the sites of connections, inf ...

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the number one cause of disability in the adult population in the USA. With an average of one victim every 40 s, almost 795,000 individuals experience a stroke every year. Over the past 30 years, substantial progress has been made in stroke prevention, diagnos ...

The term “gliosis” is generally defined as the cellular process by which glial cells in the CNS respond to insult and is used to describe the functional, morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes that occur in response to injury or disease. However, gliosis is most associated with the act ...

This chapter provides a crash course for those interested in how an object of interest or signal in the nervous system can be quantified and the volume or features of a brain region can be analyzed with systematic computation. This chapter does not attempt to provide theoretical derivation, nor exh ...

Cell death and cell survival are the fundamental events in development and pathological conditions associated with virtually all disorders in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Assessment of cell death and identification of the type of cell death are c ...

Histology is an essential technique to evaluate ischemic damage in the animal models. Histopathology often refers to the microscopic examination of pathological changes in the tissue. This chapter describes the procedure to prepare brain for histopathological evaluation. The b ...

Molecular mechanisms underlying subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced cerebral vasospasm are complex and still partially unknown. Molecular-biological studies and clinical trials support a central role of ion channels, but further detailed studies have to evaluate the ...

Impaired cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a main indicator for hemodynamic perfusion deficits of the brain. After aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), vasospasm may cause hemodynamic hypoperfusion and subsequent cortical border zone infarction. In order to provide d ...

The chronic cranial window model offers the possibility of a direct in vivo assessment of the cortical surface and pial vasculature in multiple physiological and pathological CNS states. Within the last years, attention has been paid to inflammatory and microvascular changes after acu ...

Cerebral vasospasm is chiefly due to sustained abnormal contraction of smooth muscle cells. Vasospasm develops several days after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and resolves after 10–14 days. Electrophysiological techniques have been used by several laboratories to elucida ...

Morphological changes in microcirculation during vasospasm have not been fully evaluated. Several techniques evaluating microcirculation during cerebral ischemia can also be used in microcirculatory assessment of vasospasm. In this chapter, some of these techniques that ...

Electron microscopic changes of arterial wall during cerebral vasospasm have been eagerly examined in 1980s. Electron microscopy is still important assessment for investigating the etiology and pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm. The methodology has been established in spi ...

Light microscopy is a fundamental and essential assessment for cerebral vasospasm since the degree of cerebral vasospasm has been evaluated by angiography or light microscopy. Its methodology has already been established. Immunohistological study is also an important assessm ...

Cerebral vasospasm is a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) which can cause cerebral infarction and poor outcome after SAH. Experimental investigations and experimental and clinical therapeutic maneuvers have endeavored to understand the pathogenesis of vasos ...

Morphological changes of vasospastic arteries have already been investigated in many studies, and its details have been clarified. However, morphological assessments are still fundamental and essential in research of vasospasm, since the degree of vasospasm is usually evaluat ...