Potassium channels display considerable functional diversity. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing represents one of the most powerful post-transcriptional mechanisms to create physiological diversity by generating multiple protein products from a single gene. Due to the mod ...
Macroscopic ion channel currents (1) are a product of the channel open probability (Po), the single channel current (i) and the number of channels present on the cell surface (N) at any given time (I = PoiN). Intra-cellular trafficking pathways are proving to be of vital importance in regulating ion cha ...
Macroscopic ion channel currents (I) are a product of the channel open probability (Po), the single channel current (i) and the number of channels present on the cell surface (N) at any given time (I = PoiN). Endocytosis has been shown to be one of the key determinants of cell surface channel density and defec ...
The traditional view of the plasma membrane as a uniform cellular envelope formed from a homogenous mixture of lipids has been refined in recent years to reflect the heterogeneity of its composite lipids. The membrane can consist of upwards of 500 different types of lipids, which exhibit complex ...
Phosphoinositides are an important component of the cell as they have a variety of roles that include cytoskeleton regulation, generation of second messengers, endosome trafficking, membrane transport and regulation of ion channels. The direct interaction between phosphatid ...
TREK potassium channels belong to a family of channel subunits with two-pore domains (K2P). TREK1 knockout mice display impaired polyunsaturated fatty acid-mediated protection against brain ischemia, reduced sensitivity to volatile anesthetics, resistance to depression a ...
Oocytes from the Xenopus laevis represent one of the most widely used expression systems for functional characterization of ion channels. Their large size facilitates both injection of heterologous cRNA and subsequent electrophysiological recordings of ion channel currents. ...
Species identification in microbiology has long been hampered by the limits of pure culture techniques. This is most evident in cases where morphologically conspicuous microorganisms have so far resisted all attempts of enrichment and cultivation like for many of the numerous endos ...
The principle of subtraction hybridization protocols is the removal from one cell type of nucleic acid sequences that are shared with other cell types (sources of subtracter sequences), to leave only sequences unique to the cell type or organism in question. Subtracter sequences may be from o ...
The functional activity of ion channels is affected by their local environment, and for certain types of channels this local effect is critical. This chapter describes a method of recording the activity of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, expressed on the plasma membrane of pancreatic β-cells, wi ...
Ion channels have gained increased interest as therapeutic targets over recent years, since a growing number of human and animal diseases have been attributed to defects in ion channel function. Potassium channels are the largest and most diverse family of ion channels. Pharmaceutical a ...
A number of recent studies have described the activation of BKCa channels by steroid hormones such as estrogen. The proposed mechanisms are diverse and include both the direct interaction with the ion channel subunits and the stimulation via receptor activation and cell signalling path ...
Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) measures protein interactions within 10 nm of each other. Aside from its ability to probe for interactions at high resolution, this technique operates in live, intact cells, and offers a high throughput method of detection. Thus far, BRET h ...
while X-ray crystallography provides extremely high-resolution snapshot of protein structure, it lacks the ability to provide dynamic information on the processes involving conformational rearrangements of the protein. Methods to record protein conformational dynami ...
Ion channels are the cell's gatekeepers. These proteins selectively allow ionic current to flow down its electrochemical gradient. In some cases, specialized chemical or voltage sensing domains respond to environmental changes and signal the cell to adjust its internal chemistry in r ...
The application of antibodies to living cells has the potential to modulate the function of specific proteins by virtue of their high specificity. This specificity has proven effective in determining the involvement of many proteins in neuronal function where specific agonists and an ...
The beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channel is a key component of stimulus —secretion coupling in the pancreatic beta-cell. The channel consists of four subunits of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir6.2 and four subunits of the sulfonylurea receptor 1. Loss of function mu ...
Small-conductance Ca2+−activated potassium (SK) channels constitute a family of ion channels that are regulated by the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Increases in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration (i) result in opening of the channels, which in turn will lead to changes in the membra ...
The complex gating of the hERG channel makes it ideally suited to its principal role in controlling phase 3 repolarization of the cardiac ventricular action potential. Any abnormal delay in repolarization can lead to the re-activation of Ca2+ channels, giving rise to early after-depolari ...
This chapter describes a method of assaying rubidium (Rb+) efflux as a measure of potassium channel activity. In this assay, rubidium acts as a tracer for potassium movement across the cell membrane. HEK 293 cells expressing the alpha subunit of the human brain large-conductance, voltage-act ...
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