细胞技术

A comprehensive knowledge of the molecular biology underlying osteogenic differentiation in a controlled, laboratory setting may promise optimization of future cell-based tissue engineering strategies for clinical problems. The scope of this review encompasses a discus ...

One of the most noteworthy characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is their ability to differentiate into osteoblasts in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, this is easily achieved by culturing in the appropriate induction medium. It is because of the reliability and ease of this process that os ...

Deoxyhypusine synthase catalyzes an unusual protein modification reaction. A portion of spermidine is covalently added to one specific lysine residue of one eukaryotic protein, eIF5A (eukaryotic initiation factor 5A) to form a deoxyhypusine residue. The assay measures the incor ...

The skin is an especially attractive target for gene therapy. In particular, the ability to target genes to the epidermis of the skin could be used to correct skin-specific disorders as well as for the production of proteins secreted into the skin and the circulatory system to correct certain syste ...

Drug delivery across skin offers advantages over conventional modes of administration. It avoids gastrointestinal degradation and the hepatic first-pass effect, has potential for controlled and sustained delivery, is user-friendly and therefore improves patient compli ...

The main barrier to cutaneous or transcutaneous drug and gene delivery is the impermeability of the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin (1). If the integrity of the SC is disrupted, the barrier to molecular transit may be greatly reduced. Cutaneous absorption can be increased by rem ...

The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, acts as a barrier between the skin and the outside world, preventing evaporation of water from underlying tissues while impeding the diffusion of foreign molecules into the body (1,2). Densely packed layers of flattened, dead, keratinized c ...

In many in vitro transdermal drug delivery experiments, the skin is placed within a permeation chamber, and measurements are taken every hour or so. However, during skin electroporation, significant molecular transport can occur within the first few minutes (1).

Transient disruption of skin’s barrier properties using high-voltage pulses involves complex changes in skin microstructure believed to be due to electroporation. Electroporation of cell membranes is a well known phenomenon which has found extensive use as a method of DNA transfec ...

In chicken embryos, viral vectors have been successfully used to transfer foreign genes in somatic cells. By using retroviral vectors, for example, genes involved in myocyte growth and differentiation in chicken embryos have been characterized (1–3). The reason for the use of viral vectors ...

Hemophilia B is an X-linked genetic disorder that typically results from chronic circulating deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX (FIX) (1). While the occurrence of hemophilia B is significantly less frequent than hemophilia A (factor VIII, deficiency) it has received special att ...

Until today, gene transfer to germ cells has been attempted by a variety of methods including microinjection, embryonic stem cell-mediated transfection, virus mediated transfection, lipofection (1), microparticle bombardment (2), and sperm mediated transformation (3). In vivo ...

Of the many methods and techniques for in vivo gene transfer, some have already been used in clinical trials. In most cases, genes are transferred into tissues using the infectivity of viral particles. However, viral systems have some known drawbacks (1,2). If an efficient and specific transfer me ...

Gene therapy is a relatively new type of treatment compared to other modalities such as surgical intervention and drug therapy. Unfortunately, gene therapy is not yet a reality. However, this type of treatment continues to show promise due to the wealth of molecular information about human dis ...

Electrochemotherapy has been proven to be efficient for the treatment of subcutaneous tumors of different histological types in mice, rats and cats (1–3). Electrochemotherapy is essentially a local treatment. Indeed, it is based on the potentiation of the cytotoxicity of a low-permeant ...

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a combination treatment which involves administering a chemotherapeutic agent followed by the delivery of electric pulses to cells or tissue. Electrical treatment results in increased drug uptake by the cells which provides an improved therapeutic ...

The first attempt to apply electrochemotherapy (ECT) to the brain was reported in 1993 by Salford et al. 1993 (1). They managed to significantly prolong the survival of RG2 glioma bearing Fischer-344 rats by 200% by iv administration of bleomycin followed by intracranial electrochemothera ...

Preclinical experiments performed on mice clearly showed that electrochemotherapy can efficiently treat subcutaneous tumors of different histological types (1–4). However, the possibility of relevant clinical applications for electrochemotherapy requires the dem ...

Each year approximately 6000 new cases of soft tissue sarcoma are diagnosed in the United States (1). The disease affects the extremities in 60% of the reported cases with the lower extremity the most likely tumor site (2,3). Management of soft tissue sarcomas is challenging but over the last 20 yr treat ...

It has been reported that the application of strong electric fields across a cell results in the formation and expansion of temporary membrane pores. Electrochemotherapy is a method which enhances the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents by administrating the drugs in combina ...