生物化学技术

Virtually all methods for the detection of mutations (polymorphism or variant) rely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Direct sequence determination of a PCR product is the gold standard for identifying mutations. However, the vast majority of the signal in the sequencing data is derived ...

The chapter describes the use of capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) for the detection of triplet repeat expansion at the huntingtin locus associated with autosomal dominant Huntington disease (HD), an adult-onset neuro-degenerative disorder. The region of this gene that expan ...

DNA genotyping has traditionally been performed by slab-gel electrophoresis. The method is well established, very effective and reliable, but inherently slow and labor intensive. Capillary gel electrophoresis is now becoming recognized as an important alternative to slabs sin ...

Constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE) separates macromolecules based on differences in their melting temperatures. The specific apparatus and operating conditions have been described previously that allow CDCE to separate point mutants among 100-150-bp ...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has rapidly become the most valuable tool in the clinical diagnostic arsenal for determining specific diseases or detecting infectious agents. Primers, short pieces of DNA complementary to the DNA sequence of interest, are mixed with nucleotides, a s ...

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification is a relatively fast, sensitive method for characterizing discrete segments of the human genome for identity testing. Most PCR-based typing assays that discriminate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) require further mani ...

Universal or whole genome amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid and efficient method to generate fragments representing the target sequence, as well as to increase a limited amount of template. One of the most common PCR protocols for total genome amplification is the in ...

Lyophilization, the removal of water by freezing and then volatilization at low pressure and temperature, has been employed as a standard long-term preservation method for many filamentous fungi. The method outlined involves the use of standard shelf freeze-drying and skimmed milk as a s ...

The aim of preserving a fungus is to maintain it in a viable state without change to its genetic, physiological, or anatomical characters. There are numerous methodologies available to preserve a fungus, but the two methods widely used by culture collections (biological or genetic resource c ...

Glycoconjugates represent the most structurally and functionally diverse molecules in nature. They range in complexity from relatively simple glycosphingolipids and nuclear or cytosolic glycoproteins with dynamic monosaccharide modifications to extraordinari ...

The monosaccharides comprise a number of isomers and homologues having very similar structures, basically composed of hydroxymethyl or hydroxymethine groups linked to each other. In reducing monosaccharides the hemiacetal group is at the reducing ends in addition to these polyhy ...

The majority of proteins are posttranslationally modified, and the most significant modification to many secreted and membrane-associated proteins of eukaryotic cells is glycosylation, that is, the attachment of one or more oligosaccharide (glycan) chains. Glycans may be attac ...

Although the polysaccharide backbone Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been demonstrated to interact with a variety of proteins and such interactions are thought to be involved in the regulation of the physiological functions of these proteins (1). Although the polysaccharide bac ...

In carbohydrate analysis efficient separation is indispensable, because a sample is usually accompanied by analogous compounds having very similar structures and properties. All carbohydrates contain hydroxyl group and most of them in addition have a characteristic functio ...

Zone electrophoresis is the basic mode of capillary electrophoresis, and it allows separation of ions having different charge-to-size ratios. Carbohydrates having ionic groups can also be the objects of separation by this mode. A typical example is the separation of carboxylated/sul ...

Neutral oligosaccharides are complex in terms of their linkage, either in the linear or branched form. An enormous number of variants are therefore possible. A homopolymer of glucose with a glycosidic bond may assume its stere-ochemical configuration at either the α or β position. Glucose un ...

The basic separation mode of capillary electrophoresis is zone electrophoresis (ZE). In this mode solutes having different charge-to-size ratios migrate through an electrophoretic solution with different velocities, forming separate zones. ZE is a simple mode performable in an e ...

Glycosaminoglycans are linear, sulfated polysaccharides that are found in virtually all animal tissues. With the exception of hyaluronic acid, glycosaminoglycans are biosynthesized as proteoglycans in which one or more glycosaminoglycan chains are attached to a core protein ...

It is now widely accepted that oligosaccharides, covalently linked to proteins, can modulate both the physicochemical and biological properties of glycoproteins (1–3). Thus glycans can play a number of important roles: they can ensure that a protein is correctly folded; they can stabili ...

Glycoproteins are generally composed of a population of different variants having in common the same polypeptide chain but varying by their carbohydrate moiety. This carbohydrate-mediated heterogeneity is often called the microheterogeneity of glycoproteins and the diffe ...