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This chapter describes the fabrication of a polyglycolic acid (PGA)-based scaffold used to tissue engineer a Neo-Urinary Conduit™.

Electrospinning is a useful technique for generating scaffolds composed of nano- and/or microfibers. Through an innovative modification of the cylindrical target mandrel it is possible to create macrostructural or microstructural invaginations. The former provides compl ...

Autologous hydrogel manufacture is an exciting technique within the field of regenerative medicine. Fibrin is a protein with many biocompatible and regenerative features. The ability to generate fibrin scaffolds with the necessary matrix topography for cell integration, from a p ...

Tissue engineering involves the concerted action of biomaterials, cells, and growth factors. Kidney �regeneration relies on the same combination of ingredients. Here, we describe an example of gelatin-based biomaterial preparation and its evaluation in the context of kidney bioc ...

The following chapter outlines methodologies to phenotypically characterize primary cells for the use in tissue-engineered and regenerative medicine applications. Methods covered include analyzing cells using immunocytochemistry, fluorescence-activated cell ...

The utilization of macromolecules in therapy of cancer and other diseases is becoming increasingly relevant. Recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have made it possible to improve targeting and design of cytotoxic agents, DNA complexes, and other macromolecules ...

Eradication of cancer by an intervention producing a potent immune response capable of rejecting both primary and metastatic deposits remains the most pragmatic approach in cancer therapy. Cancer vaccine generated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) is therefore of considerable inte ...

Biofilms have been found to be involved in a wide variety of microbial infections in the body, by one estimate 80% of all infections. Infectious processes in which biofilms have been implicated include common problems such as urinary tract infections, catheter infections, middle-ear infec ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was initially discovered over 100 years ago by its ability to kill microorganisms, but its use to treat infections clinically has not been much developed. However, the present relentless increase in antibiotic resistance worldwide and the emergence of strai ...

In vitro photodynamic therapy experiments are usually performed by irradiating cells in confluent or nearly confluent monolayer cultures. Oxygen is consumed in the monolayer by photodynamic reactions and cellular respiration and is supplied by diffusion from the overlying med ...

Multiple, complementary techniques for tumor detection, including magnetic resonance, nuclear and optical imaging, are under active development; each approach has particular strengths and advantages. Efforts are also currently underway to develop bifunctional agents, so ...

Measurement of fluorescence and phosphorescence in vivo is readily used to quantify the concentration of specific species that are relevant to photodynamic therapy. However, the tools to make the data quantitatively accurate vary considerably between different applications. ...

Photodynamic techniques such as photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), fluorescence-guided tumour resection (FGR) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are currently undergoing intensive clinical investigations as adjuvant treatment for malignant brain tumours. The following cha ...

Over 1,500 patients have been treated with PDT using Photofrin, HPD, ALA, or Foscan for head and neck cancers. These patients include a mixture of presentations including primary, recurrent, and metastatic lesions. The predominant histology is squamous cell carcinoma, but other histolo ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the term used to describe the irradiation of photosensitized cells or tissue with phototoxic consequences. This process can result in the rapid initiation of not only apoptosis, an irreversible death pathway, but also autophagy. The procedures described ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer modality utilizing the generation of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species through visible light irradiation of a photosensitive dye accumulated in the cancerous tissue. Upon exposure of cancer cells to the photodynamic stre ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the photosensitizer Photofrin is approved for the clinical treatment of solid tumors. PDT causes cytotoxic oxidative stress, but additionally induces prosurvival molecules such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Combining PDT with COX-2 inhibito ...

The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a multipotent factor involved in many cellular processes such as inflammation, immune response and embryonic development and it can be activated by a large number of stimuli. Consequently, this transcription factor plays a pivotal role in many natural p ...

The term “metronomic” was recently introduced to describe continuous low-dose administration of chemotherapeutics following the discovery that this causes minimal side effects (Hanahan et al. 2000, J Clin Invest, 105(8), 1045–1047; Bisland et al. 2004, Photochem Photobiol, 80, 22–30). ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the most widely used form of PDT in clinical practice. Topical application of ALA leads to overproduction of the endogenous photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). ALA-PDT is efficient treatment of superficial skin l ...