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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the photosensitizer Photofrin is approved for the clinical treatment of solid tumors. PDT causes cytotoxic oxidative stress, but additionally induces prosurvival molecules such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Combining PDT with COX-2 inhibito ...

The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a multipotent factor involved in many cellular processes such as inflammation, immune response and embryonic development and it can be activated by a large number of stimuli. Consequently, this transcription factor plays a pivotal role in many natural p ...

The term “metronomic” was recently introduced to describe continuous low-dose administration of chemotherapeutics following the discovery that this causes minimal side effects (Hanahan et al. 2000, J Clin Invest, 105(8), 1045–1047; Bisland et al. 2004, Photochem Photobiol, 80, 22–30). ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the most widely used form of PDT in clinical practice. Topical application of ALA leads to overproduction of the endogenous photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). ALA-PDT is efficient treatment of superficial skin l ...

The role of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in various pathological processes, including angiogenesis, thrombosis, inflammation, apoptosis, cell migration, and proliferation is well documented. These processes can lead to both acute and ...

It is well established that the blood coagulation system is activated in cancer. In addition, there is considerable evidence to suggest that clotting activation plays an important role in the biology of malignant tumors, including the process of blood-borne metastasis. For many years our l ...

The development of tumor hypoxia during illumination for photodynamic therapy (PDT) can negatively affect treatment outcome. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of this hypoxia may impact the balance between tumor cell damage and vascular damage as mechanisms of photodynam ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) followed by localized exposure of a targeted tissue to PS adsorbing light. PDT induces cytotoxicity to exposed malignant cells and also effects non-malignant components of the tumor microenvironm ...

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a wide-spread inherited hemolytic anemia that is due to a point mutation leading to a valine/glutamic acid substitution in the β-globin chain, causing a spectrum of clinical manifestations in addition to hemolysis and anemia. Acute painful crisis is a common seque ...

Inherited or acquired genetic abnormalities play a major role in thromboembolic complications. The goal of pharmacogenomics is to tailor medications to an individual’s genetic makeup in order to improve the benefit-to-risk ratio. Significant findings have been documented show ...

To date, there have been few systematic studies of the antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant effects of natural products. According to the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, approximately 180 dietary supplements have the potential to interact with warfarin, and more than 120 m ...

Novel adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12 antagonists such as prasugrel, ticagrelor, cangrelor, and elinogrel are in various phases of clinical development. These ADP P2Y12 antagonists have advantages over clopidogrel ranging from faster onset to greater and less variable inhib ...

Antiplatelet drugs represent a key class of drugs that are of proven value in arterial thromboembolic disorders. There is a need for effective, safe antiplatelet agents or their combinations to provide predictable therapeutic benefit, dosage flexibility, and unique pharmacologic ...

Rivaroxaban is a small-molecule, direct factor Xa inhibitor that is under investigation for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis. To date, oral anticoagulants have been limited largely to vitamin K antagonists. Despite their remarkable benefits, vitamin K a ...

Currently, there are several lines of evidence supporting the interplay between coagulation and inflammation in the propagation of various disease processes, including venous thromboembolism (VTE) and inflammatory diseases. Major advances in the development of oral antico ...

The clinical effects of heparin are meritorious and heparin remains the anticoagulant of choice for most clinical needs. However, as with any drug, adverse effects exist. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an important adverse effect of heparin associated with amputation and ...

Heparin and its improved version, low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH), are known to exert polypharmacological effects at various levels. Early studies focused on the plasma anti-Xa and anti-IIa pharmacodynamics of different LMWHs. Other important pharmacodynamic parameters ...

The development and application of animal models of thrombosis have played a crucial role in the discovery and validation of novel drug targets and the selection of new agents for clinical evaluation, and have informed dosing and safety information for clinical trials. These models also pro ...

Platelets play a crucial role in primary hemostasis by forming hemostatic plugs at sites of vascular injury. There is abundant evidence that platelets also play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of arterial thrombotic disorders, including unstable angina (UA), myocardial infarction ...

Laser Dissection Microscopy (LDM) is a valuable technique to identify the genetic event that underlies cutaneous mosaicism. Isolation of a selected cell population is key to the detection of a somatic mutation. Advantages of the LDM technique are that stored skin biopsies can be analyzed wi ...