更多资讯

The lacZ gene, encoding for the β-galactosidase enzyme, is widely used as a reporter gene in bone biology due to the ease of visualization in situ on whole-mount or on tissue sections. In this protocol we provide detailed methods for visualizing this reporter gene for both in vivo and in vitro studies. In ad ...

Cartilage and bone are specialized skeletal tissues composed of unique extracellular matrices. Bone, in particular, has a highly calcified or mineralized matrix that makes microtomy and standard histological studies very challenging. Therefore, methods to appropriately fix ...

A method for preparing hard tissue sections by using an adhesive film is described. The method produces very thin (to one-micrometer thick) frozen sections from adult mouse and rat bone. The bone tissue is freeze-embedded with water-soluble medium and then cut with a disposable tungsten carbi ...

Preparation of mineralized tissue specimens for bone-specific staining encompasses a critical sequence of histological techniques that provides visualization of tissue and cellular morphology. Bone specimens are fixed in 10 % neutral-buffered formalin, dehydrated in gra ...

Renal capsule transplantation is a very helpful method to grow embryonic tissues or tumors in a vascular environment, allowing long-term engraftment and biological analyses. This chapter describes the surgical procedure for the transplantation of embryonic skeletal elements ...

To investigate chondrocyte biology in an organized structure, limb explant cultures have been established that allow the cultivation of the entire cartilaginous skeletal elements. In these organ cultures, the arrangement of chondrocytes in the cartilage elements and their inte ...

Mouse models offer invaluable cellular and molecular tools for the study of human pathologies including those associated with fibrotic and musculoskeletal diseases. In this methods manuscript, we describe a mouse model of repair and segmental reconstruction of flexor tendons, wh ...

Given the prevalence and the scope of the personal and societal burden of OA, investigators have become increasingly interested in understanding the pathogenic basis of disease and developing novel disease-modifying OA therapies. Because of the well-documented central role that j ...

Preclinical studies of bone repair remain a high priority because of unresolved clinical problems associated with treating critical segmental defects and complications of fracture healing. Over the last decade, the murine femoral allograft model has gained popularity due to its st ...

The most common procedure that has been developed for use in rats and mice to model fracture healing is described. The nature of the regenerative processes that may be assessed and the types of research questions that may be addressed with this model are briefly outlined. The detailed surgical prot ...

The study of postnatal skeletal repair is of immense clinical interest. Optimal repair of skeletal tissue is necessary in all varieties of elective and reparative orthopedic surgical treatments. However, the repair of fractures is unique in this context in that fractures are one of the most c ...

Development of cartilage and bone, the core components of the mouse skeletal system, depends on the well-coordinated proliferation and differentiation of skeletogenic cells, including chondrocytes and osteoblasts. These cells differentiate from common progenitor cells o ...

This chapter will outline strategies and ideas for the commercialization a promising wound healing technology discovered in an academic setting. This would include, but not limited to addressing topics such as intellectual property protection, funding, technology developmen ...

Wound healing and regeneration is an area rich in discovery and progress. Models of resourcing science are changing, thus there are both research funding and commercial incentives for developing intellectual property. This chapter focuses on the initial steps of commercial develop ...

Alterations in Connexin43 (Cx43) expression levels have been shown to play a role in inflammatory processes including skin wounding and neuroinflammation. Cx43 protein levels increase following a skin wound and can inhibit wound healing. Increased Cx43 has been observed following ...

Macrophages are thought to play important roles in tissue repair, from host defense to angiogenesis and new tissue formation. The role of macrophages in repair of different tissues is an active area of inquiry, particularly in settings of impaired healing. In this chapter, we describe methods ...

Mast cells play an important role during the inflammatory phase of wound healing, and studies suggest that they also influence scar formation and remodeling. Recently, our laboratory has characterized the mast cell response to injury in a fetal wound healing model. In this model, early gesta ...

Cell migration is fundamental to many different physiological processes including embryonic development, inflammation and wound healing. Given the range and importance cell migration plays a number of assays have been developed to measure different aspects of cell migration. H ...

Despite current treatment regimens, heart failure still remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world due to failure to adequately replace lost ventricular myocardium from ischemia-induced infarct. Although adult mammalian ventricular cardiomyoc ...

This methods chapter describes two methods for creating epithelial wounds in Drosophila larvae: pinch and puncture wounding. It also covers protocols for visualizing epithelial wounds, either in a dissected whole mount preparation or, using transgenic reporter larvae, in a live who ...