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Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of hematopoietic, mononuclear progenitors of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, and are the cells responsible for resorbing bone. Osteoclasts are usually few in number relative to other cell types in bone and are diffic ...

The murine coculture assay originally described by Takahashi et al. (1), was the first culture system developed that generated genuine, bone-resorbing osteoclasts. In this assay, osteoblasts are stimulated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (D3) to stimulate RANKL and macrophage colo ...

Osteoclasts, the multinucleated giant cells that resorb bone, originate from hemopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage (1,2). We have developed a mouse bone marrow culture system, in which osteoclasts are formed in response to several bone-resorbing factors such as 1α,25- ...

Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone. Although individual osteocytes are buried in an isolated position within bone matrix, they remain in contact with one another and with cells on the bone surface by long cell processes that run via small channels, termed canaliculi, through the bone m ...

Bone formation does not lend itself easily to investigation because bone tissue consists of various cell types embedded in a complex extracellular matrix. These cells interact with each other and with the extracellular matrix, and when cell populations are removed from the network they ce ...

When conducting in vitro research on bone, a choice has to be made between using bone organ or bone cell cultures. When one decides to use the latter, the question is whether to use primary cells or cell lines. The advantage of using cell lines over freshly isolated cells lies in the ready availability of large n ...

Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for the formation of bone; they synthesize almost all of the constituents of the bone matrix and direct its subsequent mineralization. Once a phase of active bone formation is completed the osteoblasts do not become senescent but instead redifferent ...

The isolation of undegraded RNA, free from inhibitors of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), is a major technical challenge in the analysis of gene expression in the skeleton. Bone is a mineralized tissue containing an abundant matrix, which makes RNA isolation d ...

As bone’s primary function is mechanical, it is not surprising that almost all studies using intact bone concern its morphology. Such histomorphometric studies have been used to provide insights into how bone responds, as an organ, to mechanical loading. However, despite the fact that the cel ...

The relationship between mechanical loading and bone formation has long been documented (1). However, the identity of the transductory mechanism, conveying loading signals to bone cells, remains elusive. Mechanical strain, interstitial fluid flow, and streaming potentials are a ...

The primary function of bone is to form the skeleton, which provides support for the body and protection for vital organs. These are primarily mechanical functions. To fulfil these, the bone matrix has to have the right combination of stiffness and strength to enable it to withstand the forces impos ...

Estrogen is known to be one of the major hormonal influences in bone remodeling and bone mass. Estrogen deficiency after the menopause is one of the leading causes of osteoporosis, and currently estrogen replacement is the first line management for postmenopausal osteoporosis. The bone lo ...

Generalized osteoporosis and an increased risk of fracture are commonly observed in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and inflammatory bowel disease (1–4). Current evidence suggests that the osteoporosis developed duri ...

There are several assays available to study the effects of cytokines, drugs, and hormones on bone cells in vitro. However, as the complex interactions between cells are disrupted, these in vitro assays do not always reflect what happens in vivo. The calvarial injection method, originally desc ...

Histomorphometric examination of bone biopsies provides information on bone turnover, remodeling, and structure, which cannot be obtained from other investigative approaches such as bone densitometry and biochemical markers of bone turnover. Recently, there have been sign ...

The inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis constitute themost commonmonogenic diseases worldwide. The clinical severity of β-thalassemia major and the sickle cell syndromes targets themas priority genetic diseases for prevention programs,which incorpo- rates po ...

Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive storage disease caused by the impaired activity of the lysosomal enzyme hexosaminidase A. In this fatal disease, the sphingolipid GM2 ganglioside accumulates in the neurons. Due to high carrier rates and the severity of the disease, population ...

Arrayed primer extension reaction (APEX) is a straightforward and robust enzymatic genotyping method in which hundreds to thousands of variations in the genome are simultaneously analyzed in a single multiplexed reaction. It differs from allele-specific hybridization in that t ...

The electronic microchip is a recently developed technology for the fast and reliable detection of known single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genome. The DNA fragment to be analyzed is directed electrophoretically into the chip, and then it is hybridized with fluorescent-t ...

The method of spectral karyotyping (SKY) is based on a combination of the technologies of charge-coupled device imaging and spectrometry. The engineering feasibility has been realized in the SpectraCube system from Applied Spectral Imaging Inc., and it allows the simultaneous ident ...