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第三章　缺氧 第一节　缺氧的概念 　　氧参与生物氧化，是正常生命活动不可缺少的物质。成人在静息状态下，每分钟耗氧量约250毫升；活动时，耗氧量增加。但人体内氧储量极少，有赖于外界环境氧的供给和通过呼吸、血液、血液循环不断地完成氧的摄取和运输，以保证细胞生物氧化的地需要。 　　当组织得不到充足的氧，或不能充分利用氧时，组织的代谢、机能、甚至形态结构都可能发生异常变化，这一病理过程称为缺氧（hypoxia）。 　　缺氧是许多疾病所共有的一个基本病理过程。例 ...

第二章　疾病概论 第一节　疾病的概念 　　根据目前对疾病（disease）的认识，可将其概念归纳如下： 　　疾病是机体在一定病因的损害性作用下，因自稳调节（homeostatic control）紊乱而发生的异常生命活动过程。在多数疾病，机体对病因所引起的损害发生一系列抗损害反应。自稳调节的紊乱，损害和抗损害反应，表现为疾病过程中各种复杂的机能、代谢和形态结构的异常变化，而这些变化又可使机体各器官系统之间以及机体与外界环境之间的协调关系发生障 ...

一、前言最近看了一些丁香园中制剂技术讨论版项下关于流化床使用的讨论帖和求助帖，园内很多热心的战友，如Wangbaigang在“流化床制粒经验分享”一文中,已经对相关经验进行了部分总结。此外，在一些求助帖中，很多非常有价值的解答，常常隐藏在众多内容相近的重复回答，不准确的回答，还有的是明显错误的回答中。这些有很大的价值的结论性回复，读过之后感觉过于分散，很难系统查询。如zhangxingwang在2007年07月2 ...

在临床放射治疗中，为了避免或减小在对病变组织治疗的过程中正常组织接受的照射剂量，对于治疗线束的选择有着严格的标准。电子、γ射线和X射线均可用于临床放射治疗。由于电子随深度的变化衰减的速度非常快，因此只适用于表皮的治疗。γ射线的能量比较强，穿透性好，通常用于深 部肿瘤的治疗。X射线的穿透性由其能量决定，越大的能量穿透性越好，因此X射线可以根据不同的能量应用于不同深度的肿瘤治疗。皮肤肿瘤和无皮肤免除的肿瘤通常利用表浅 ...

1. DNA电泳与溴化乙锭“DNA的琼脂糖凝胶电泳”是生物化学实验必开的基础型实验。“质粒DNA的分离、纯化和鉴定”在很多学校也是必开的综合性实验。1也。。这些涉及到DNA的提纯及鉴定的实验都会用到高度灵敏的荧光染色剂溴化乙锭(Ethidium bromide，EB)对DNA进行染色。EB是强诱变剂，具有高致癌性，会在60～70cc蒸发，所以在学生实验中要特别注意其安全使用，严禁随便丢弃。在实验中使用及实验结束后处理应注意以 ...

Activity-dependent strengthening and weakening of synaptic weights, manifested as long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), are two major mechanisms that are thought to be involved in creating memory traces in the brain. Oscillations of neuronal activity, especially in t ...

Immunocytochemistry employs antibodies to detect peptides or proteins in tissue preparations (1). However, this in itself is not a visible reaction. Several methods, employing secondary antibodies labeled in some way to render them visible, generally with fluorescent compounds or ...

Existing assays monitoring ENPP1 activity are either not physiologically relevant or not suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS). Here, we describe the development and implementation of two new ENPP1 activity assays that address these drawbacks. These assays employ physi ...

Migraine is a high prevalence disorder which affects a significant proportion of the general population, especially women during their central and more productive time of the life, thus causing severe disability. The genetic basis of the disease is unknown and the mechanism is poorly unde ...

Pain is one of the most common reasons for which patients seek dental and medical care. Orofacial pain conditions consist of a wide range of disorders including odontalgia (toothache), temporomandibular disorders, trigeminal neuralgia and others. Most of these conditions are either i ...

Pain-depressed behavior can be defined as any behavior that decreases in rate, frequency, duration, or intensity in response to a putative pain state. Common examples include pain-related decreases in feeding, locomotion and expression of positively reinforced operant behavior. In ...

Creating a robust and unbiased assay for the study of current and novel analgesics has been a daunting task. Traditional rodent models of pain and inflammation typically rely on a negative reaction to various forms of evoked stimuli to elicit a pain response and are subject to rater interpretati ...

The conventional methods for the study of thermal pain in animals apply constant suprathreshold heat stimuli and measure the reflex latency of pain-avoiding reactions. The latency measured by these methods may greatly vary upon repeated measurements which is a major disadvantage con ...

To facilitate the study of pain transmission and the characterization of novel analgesic compounds, an array of experimental animal pain models has been developed mainly in rodents. In these preclinical models, nociceptive pain can be measured by both spontaneous and evoked behaviors. ...

Animal models of tissue injury have been used to investigate the mechanisms of pain. Here, we describe a variety of animal models that have been used to mimic acute surgical pain in human subjects, which include the plantar, tail, and gastrocnemius incision models. We also provide discussion on ani ...

This chapter seeks to provide a concise overview of the pharmacologic armamentarium available to treat pain. Drugs will be discussed in terms of their indications, mechanisms of action, and major side effects. For the purposes of this chapter, analgesics will be divided into two groups: curre ...

With the dawn of the twenty-first Century, imaging has assumed a new role in disease-oriented science. Regarding pain, the emphasis clearly turned from structural to functional imaging with functional molecular imaging assuming the leading edge. This trend parallels the efforts of bio ...

Performing genetic studies in model organisms is a powerful approach for investigating the mechanisms of volatile anesthetic action. Striking similarities between the results observed in Caenorhabditis elegans and in other organisms suggest that many of the conclusions can be g ...

Several recent techniques have allowed us to pinpoint the receptors responsible for the detection of nociceptive stimuli. Among these receptors, ion channels play a fundamental role in the recognition and transduction of stimuli that can cause pain. During the last decade, compelling e ...

Ion channels are membrane proteins that gate the flow of ions into and out of a cell. They are present in the membranes of human, animal, plant, and bacterial cells. They are profoundly involved in diverse tasks ranging from neuronal functions to hormonal secretion and cell division. Biophysical ch ...