EIU, UNIVERSAL

外菌幕 teleblem， universal veil，tectorialmembrane

　　 （ 1）亦称周包膜。指伞菌类子实体下的最外层呈袋状的部分。外菌幕由菌丝组织构成，但由于菌丝密度的不同，可随子实体的生长而破裂、脱落，有的在菌盖的表面残有白色的凸状物或痂皮（毒伞属），有的在菌柄的根部留下一个菌托（鬼笔属、红毒伞属）。特别是有的内层（内菌幕）在开伞时被扯成碎片残留在柄的上部，其中最显著的称为菌环，形态上有菌环和无菌环是属的分类特征（蘑菇属、伞蘑）。 　　（ 2）又称覆盖膜。指哺乳类的听觉器官的透明膜。这种膜在耳蜗中具有纤维结构，这种结构覆盖着附着

Universal Primer Applications for Pyrosequencing

has been developed to generate biotinylated Pyrosequencing DNA templates using a universal biotinylated primer. Using this methodology, biotinylated DNA fragments can be generated without the use of sequence-specific biotinylated primers for each DNA variant.

Microarrays for Universal Detection and Identification of Phytoplasmas

Detection and identification of phytoplasmas is a laborious process often involving nested PCR followed by restriction enzyme analysis and fine-resolution gel electrophoresis. To improve throughput, other methods are needed. Microarray