Measurement of Pentosidine in Biological Samples
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Pentosidine is a highly fluorescent advanced glycation end product (AGE) and crosslink derived from one molecule of arginine and one of lysine bridged in an imidazo-pyridinium structure (Fig. 1 ). It was first isolated from articular cartilage by Sell and Monnier (
1
), and has now been detected and quantified in a variety of human and animal tissues, including skin and kidney collagen (
2
–
5
), lens crystallins (
6
,
7
), plasma (
8
,
9
), serum (
10
), urine (
11
), and synovial fluid (
12
,
13
). Pentosidine is readily prepared from arginine, lysine, and a pentose (hence its name). Dyer et al. (
14
) have also described its formation from glucose, albeit at a slower rate and probably through oxidation of glucose to arabinose (
15
). Because its formation from either glucose or ribose requires oxidation, pentosidine is both an AGE and a “glycoxidation” product (
16
).
Fig. 1.
Structure of pentosidine.
