Detection of Cytokine- and Chemokine-Expressing Cells at the Single Cell Level

Methods for detection of cytokines and chemokines at a protein level in individual cells based on immunofluorescence or immunohistochemical (1 –16 ) staining techniques have been developed in our laboratory. The difficulties in these procedures lie in the critical steps of fixation and permeabilization of the cells in combination with a very careful selection of suitable cytokine- or chemokine-specific antibodies.