Intramuscular and Intradermal Injection of DNA Vaccines in Mice and Primates

There are several different ways to administer plasmid DNA vaccines (1 ). Those most commonly used include intramuscular (i.m.) injection or intradermal (i.d.) injection of pure plasmid DNA (“naked” DNA), or biolistic introduction of DNA-coated gold particles into the epidermis with a “gene gun.” It is also possible to deliver naked or liposome-formulated DNA to mucosal surfaces.