Transforming Growth Factor-1 as a Novel Marker of Response to Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma is expected to account for 30,000 new cancer cases and 11,900 cancer deaths in the United States in 1999 (1 ). At the time of initial presentation, up to one-third of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have metastatic disease; furthermore, almost half of the patients resected for cure will relapse (2 ). Due to the poor results of cytotoxic chemotherapy in the management of metastatic RCC (3 ), physicians have explored the use of new therapies including immunotherapy and gene therapy. Some of these therapies are discussed in other chapters of this textbook. The use of these new therapies allows for the identification and utilization of new tumor markers that may allow investigators to identify patients at risk for advanced disease as well as establish new definitions of tumor response.