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单子叶植物，禾本科，禾亚科，一年生草本，秆直立，中空有节，具分蘖。叶舌膜质，披针形，幼时有明显的叶耳；叶片条状披针形。圆锥花序疏松；小穗含 3小花，下方 2小花退化；颖强烈退化。两性小花外稃常具细毛，有芒或无芒；内稃 3脉，雄蕊 6枚，颖果。性喜温湿，对土壤适应性强。为我国栽培历史最悠久的作物之一。根据近年发现的浙江河姆渡新石器遗址中，有籼稻存在，证明我国至少在 6000～ 7000年前，就已开始种植水稻，比世界各国都早。现我国栽培面积最广，为南方地区主要粮食作物。稻米除作主食外，可酿酒、制淀粉、造米醋；秆和米糠可作饲料和工业原料。
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