Acquisition of Drug Self-Administration
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This review provides an overview of animal models of acquisition of drug reinforcement by discussing research findings from
            studies that used drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamine (METH), phencyclidine, and nicotine, as well as several routes of
            drug self-administration (SA). Theoretical perspectives are given for the acquisition models indicating that the animal models
            are valid predictors of human �behavior. Common organismic factors that contribute to the acquisition of drug abuse are also
            discussed, such as sex, hormonal influences, innate preference for sweet substances, impulsivity of choice, impaired inhibition,
            and avidity for physical activity. Differential rates of acquisition of drug SA in rats selectively bred for high and low
            sweet intake, ethanol intake, or avoidance responding are also discussed. Environmental factors such as enriched versus impoverished
            conditions, and the effect of behavioral economic factors related to drug abuse (e.g., effort, cost/reinforcement) are also
            considered. Pharmacological factors have also been found to influence acquisition, such as prenatal exposure to drugs, and
            potential treatment drug can reduce the rates of acquisition in animal models. Interrelations among factors are described,
            and their implications are summarized. This review adds to previous accounts of acquisition by shifting the emphasis from
            analysis of the process of acquisition of drug-taking to an assessment of the major factors that are influential in the initiation
            and acceleration of this process. The goal is to present translatable findings from animal research that are useful for informing
            prevention of drug abuse in humans.
         
      










