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        色谱柱和色谱系统的故障检修HPLC Column and System Troubleshooting

        互联网

        2032

        1.HPLC Column and  System Troubleshooting
        色谱柱和色谱系统的故障检修

         

         

        What Every HPLC   User Should Know

        每个HPLC使用者应该知道什么:

        2.HPLC Components
        HPLC
        的组成

            Pump

            Injector/Autosampler 进样器/自动进样器

            Column 色谱柱

            Detector 检测器

            Data System/Integrator 数据系统/积分仪表

         

         

        All of these components can have problems and require troubleshooting.

        所有这些部件可能出现故障而需要检修。

        3.Categories of Column Problems  色谱柱问题的类型

         

           A. Pressure 压力

           B. Peak shape 峰形

           C. Retention 保留时间

        4.Pressure Issues
        压力问题

        Column Observations       Potential Problems

        色谱柱观测               潜在的问题     

         

        High pressure                    Plugged frit 

        压力高                                  堵塞滤头

                                                   Column contamination

                                                   色谱柱污染

                                                   Piugged packing

                                                  堵塞填料

        5.Determining the Cause and Correcting High Back Pressure   查出原因 纠正压力

        Check pressure with/without column - many pressure problems are due to blockages in the system or guard

        有/无柱子时检查压力    许多压力问题是由于系统或保护柱的阻塞

        If Column Pressure is high 如果柱压高:

        Wash column - Eliminate column contamination and

         冲洗柱子           plugged packing  排除柱污染和填料堵塞

                             - high molecular weight/adsorbed

                               compounds  高分子量/被吸附化合物

                            - precipitate from sample or buffer

                                样品或缓冲液中的沉淀物

        Back flush column - Clear plugged frit    反冲柱子-清洁阻塞的滤头

        Change frit - Clear plugged frit    更换滤头

        6.Column Cleaning 柱子清洗

        F lush with stronger solvents than your mobile phase

        用比你的流动相更强的溶剂冲洗

           Reversed-Phase Solvent Choices in Order of

           Increasing Strength    为了增加强度选择反相溶剂

        Use at least 25 ml of each solvent for analytical columns

                                          对于分析柱每种溶剂至少用25 ml 冲洗

        Mobile phase without buffer salts  没有缓冲盐的流动相

        100% Methanol  甲醇

        100% Acetonitrile  乙腈

        75% Acetonitrile :25% Isopropanol  75乙腈 25%异丙醇

        100% Isopropanol  异丙醇

        l100% Methylene Chloride  二氯甲烷

        l100% Hexane   已烷

          When using either Hexane or Methylene Chloride the column must be flushed with

        lIsopropanol before returning to your resvered-phase mobile phase.

        当用已烷蔌二氯甲烷柱子时,必须先用异丙醇冲洗,然后再用你的反相流动相

        7.Column Cleaning柱子清洗

        Normal Phase Solvent Choices in Order of Increasing Strength

        为了增加强度选用正相溶剂

         

        Use at least 50 ml of each solvent 

                 每种溶剂至少用50 ml

         

        50% Methanol : 50% Chloroform   

                 50% 甲醇 : 50% 氯仿

        100% Ethyl Acetate    乙酸乙酯

        8.How to Change a Frit
        怎样更换滤头

        Column Inlet Frit 柱进口滤头

        Column Body 柱身

        Compression Ferrule 压缩金属套圈

        Wear gloves 戴手套

        Do not allow bed to dry 不要让底座干燥

        Do not touch the column-body heat will extrude packing       不要使柱身受热,否则填料会喷出

        Do not over tighten 不要旋得太紧

        Female End Fitting 旋好尾端螺母

        Male End Fitting 旋好尾端螺头

        9.Preventing Back Pressure Problems
        压力问题的预防

        Use column protection 柱保护

         - Guard columns 保护柱/预柱

         - In-line filters 在线过滤器

         Sample Preparation 样品预处理

        Appropriate column flushing

                             适当的柱冲洗

        Filter buffered mobile phase

                             过滤缓冲流动相

        10.Preventing Back Pressure Problems:In-Line Devices
         
        压力问题的预防:在线装置

        Mobile Phase    Pre-Column    Injector  Filter  Guard

        From Pump            预柱             进样器      滤头   Column

        从泵来的流动相                                                     保护柱                                                       

         

                                                                           Analytical

                                                                            Column

        Filter and Guard Column Act on Sample      分析柱

                   滤头和保护柱作用于样品

           Pre-Column Acts on Mobile Phase

                       预柱作用于流动相                            To Detector

                                                                              到检测器

         

        Preventing Back Pressure Problems: Sample Preparation
        11.
        压力问题的预防:样品制备

        Solvent/Chemical Environment

         溶剂/化学环境

        Particulate/Aggregate Remove 

        微粒/凝聚物的除去

        Filter samples  过滤样品

        Centrifugation  离心分离

        Solid Phase Extraction(S.P.E.)  固相萃取

        Cartridges or Plates  薄膜或薄层板

        Disks or Membranes  圆盘或生物膜

        Peak Shape Issues
        12.
        峰形问题

        Split peaks   裂峰

        Peak tailing   峰拖尾

        Broad peaks   宽峰

        Poor efficiency   低柱效

         

        Many peak shape issues also combinations-I.e. Broad and tailing or tailing with increased retention许多峰形问题是结合在一起的-例如:

        展宽和拖尾或拖尾和保留时间增加

        13.Split Peaks  裂峰

        Can be caused by:

        可能的原因:

         

        Column contamination  柱污染

        Partially plugged frit 部分阻塞滤片

        Column void  柱头塌陷

        Injection solvent effects 溶剂效应

        14.Split Peaks  裂峰
        Column Contamination  柱污染

        Column: StableBond SB-C8, 4.6 × 250mm , 5µm

        Mobile Phase:60% 25mM Na2HPO4,pH3.0 : 40%MeOH

        Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min         Temperature: 35ºC

        Detection: UV 254 nm

        Sample: Filtered OTC Cold Medication:

        1. Pseudoephedrine  2. APAP  3. Unknown  

        4. Chlorpheniramine

        Injection 1       3    峰形较好

        Injection 30     3    裂峰

        Injection  1    After Column Wash with 100% CAN

        100%乙腈冲洗后   3    峰形极好

        15.Split Peaks  裂峰
        Injection Solvent Effects 溶剂化效应

        Column: StableBond SB-C8, 4.6 × 250mm , 5µm

        Mobile Phase: 82%H2O : 18%ACN

        Injection Volume: 30 µL      

        Sample: 

        1. Caffeine  咖啡因  2. Salicylamide  水杨酰胺

         

        A. Injection Solvent                               B. Injection Solvent

           100% Acetonitrile                                   Mobile Phase

            峰形宽拖尾                                                峰形尖锐对称

         

        样品溶剂尽可能与流动相匹配

        16.Determining the Cause of Split Peaks
         
        裂峰原因的确定

         

        1. Complex sample matrix or many samples analyzed-    likely column contamination or partially plugged frit

        复杂样品的基质或分析许多样品 - 柱污染或部分阻塞滤片

         

        2. Mobile phase pH>=7 - likely column void due to silica dissolution (unless specialty column used)

        流动相 pH>=7 - 由于硅胶溶解使柱塌陷(除非使用专门的柱子)

         

        3. Injection solvent stronger than mobile phase - likely split and broad peaks, dependent on volume

        溶剂比流动相的可能性大- 裂峰和宽峰,由样品量来决定

        Peak Tailing, Broadening and Loss of Efficiency
        峰拖尾、变宽和柱效降低

         

         

         


        17.Can be caused by: 可能的原因
             
        Column “secondary interactions”
        柱“次级效应”
        Column void  柱塌陷
        Column contamination  柱污染
        Column aging  柱老化
        Column loading  柱负荷超载
        Extra-column effects  柱外效应
        18.Peak Tailing Column “Secondary Interactions”
        峰拖尾柱“次级效应”
        Column: Alkyl-C8, 4.6 × 150mm , 5µm
        Mobile Phase:85% 25mM Na2HPO4,pH7.0 : 15%ACN
        Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min         Temperature: 35ºC
        Sample:  1. Phenylpropanolamine  苯丙醇胺/去甲麻黄碱 
        2. Ephedrine  麻黄碱    3. Amphetamine   安非他明/苯丙胺
        4. Methamphetamine  脱氧麻黄碱    5. Phenteramine  苯三胺
        No TEA 无三乙胺                              10 mM TEA   10 mM 三乙胺
        USP TF(5%) 美国药典拖尾因子            USP TF(5%) 美国药典拖尾因子
        1.  1.29                                             1.   1.19
        2.  1.91                                             2.   1.18       
        3.  1.63                                            3.   1.20
        4.  2.35                                             4.   1.26
        5.  1.57                                             5.   1.14
        19. Peak tailing eliminated with mobile phase modifier (TEA) at pH 7
        用流动相减尾剂(三乙胺)在pH 7 消除峰拖尾
        Peak Tailing Column “Secondary Interactions”
        峰拖尾柱“次级效应”
        Column: Alkyl-C8, 4.6 × 150mm , 5µm
        Mobile Phase:85% 25mM Na2HPO4,pH7.0 : 15%ACN
        Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min         Temperature: 35ºC
        Sample:  1. Phenylpropanolamine  苯丙醇胺/去甲麻黄碱 
        2. Ephedrine  麻黄碱    3. Amphetamine   安非他明/苯丙胺
        4. Methamphetamine  脱氧麻黄碱    5. Phenteramine  苯三胺
         
                 pH 3.0                                              pH 7.0 
        USP TF(5%) 美国药典拖尾因子            USP TF(5%) 美国药典拖尾因子
                4.   1.33                                              4.   2.35
         
        Reducing the mobile phase  pH reduces interactions with silanols that cause peak tailing
        降低流动相的pH ,减小与硅醇基作用引起的峰拖尾
        Peak Tailing 峰拖尾
        Column Contamination 柱污染
        Column: StableBond SB-C8, 4.6 × 250mm , 5µm
        Mobile Phase: 20% H2O : 80% MeOH       Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min         Temperature: R.T.                                    Detection: UV 254 nm
         
        Sample: 1. Uracil  尿嘧啶                                    2. Phenol  苯酚    
                      3. 4-Chloronitrobenzene  4-氯硝基苯     4. Toluene  甲苯
        Plates       TF              Plates       TF                  Plates       TF
        理论板数    拖尾因子        理论板数    拖尾因子           理论板数    拖尾因子
        1.   7629    2.08          1.   7906    1.43              1.  7448     1.06
        2. 12043    1.64          2. 12443    1.21              2. 12237    1.21
        3. 13727    1.69          3. 17999    1.19              3. 15366    1.11
        4. 13355    1.32          4. 17098    1.25              4. 19067    1.17
        QC test forward direction     QC test reverse direction           QC test after cleaning
                                                                                                                  100% IPA, 35ºC 
                向前方向               相反方向                  100%异丙醇冲洗后
        Peak Tailing/Broadening
                                        Sample Load Effects
        峰拖尾/变宽样品过载效应
        Column: 4.6 × 150mm , 5µm
        Mobile Phase:40% 25mM Na2HPO4,pH7.0 : 60%ACN
        Flow Rate: 1.5 mL/min         Temperature: 40ºC
        Sample:
        1. Desipramine  去郁敏/脱甲基丙米嗪   2. Nortriptyline                        3. Doxepin                                        4. Imipramine    丙米嗪                      5. Amitriptyline 阿米替林           6. Trimipramine
         
        Tailing  Eclipse XDB-C8              Broadening /  Competitive C8
        USP TF 拖尾因子                                   Plates 理论板数
        High Load  / 10     Low Load           High Load  / 10       Low Load
        高载负/10倍             低载负                  高载负/10倍             低载负
        1.  1.60                       1.70                          850                             5941
        2.  2.00                        1.90                          815                             7842
        3.  1.56                        1.56                        2776                             6231                          
        4.  2.13                        1.70                        2539                             8359              
        5.  2.15                        1.86                        2735                           10022                  
        6.  1.25                        1.25                        5189                           10725        
        Peak Broadening,Splitting Column Void
           峰变宽,裂开 柱塌陷
        20.Mobile Phase:流动相:
        50%CAN : 50%Water : 0.2%TEA  (~pH 11)
        50%乙腈 : 50%水 : 0。2%三乙胺  (~pH 11)
               After 30 injections                        Initial 开始时
                    进样30次后
         
        Multiple peak shape changes can be caused by the same column problem. In the case a void resulted from silica dissolved at high pH.
        21.多数峰形改变可能是同一柱问题引起的。在这个例子中,高pH溶解硅胶导致塌陷
        Broad Peaks Unknown “Phantom” Peaks
        Column: Extend-C18, 4.6 × 150 mm , 5 µm
        Mobile Phase: 40% 10 mM TEA, pH 11 : 60% MeOH
        Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min      Temperature: R.T.      Detection:  UV 254
        Sample:     1. Maleat  顺丁烯二酸          2. Pseudeophedrine 伪麻黄碱      3. Chlorphenniramine  氯非尼拉明
        Plates  理论板数
        1. 5922
        2. 9879
        3.  779  “Phantom” peak from first injection 前次进样未出完的峰
        The extremely low plates are an indication of an extremely late eluting peak from the preceding run.
        22.极低的理论板数表明这是一个前面进样极迟洗脱出来的峰
        Peak Tailing峰拖尾
        Injector Seal Failure进样器密封性差
        Column: Bonus-RP, 4.6 × 75mm , 3.5µm
        Mobile Phase: 30% H2O : 70% MeOH       Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min         Temperature: R.T.                                    Detection: UV 254 nm
         
        Sample: 1. Uracil  尿嘧啶                                    2. Phenol  苯酚    
                      3. N,N-Dimethylaniline  N,N-二甲苯胺
        Plates       TF                                         Plates       TF                 
        理论板数    拖尾因子                                  理论板数    拖尾因子          
        1. 2235      1.72                                     1.  3670    1.45
        3491      1.48                                     2. 10457   1.09             
        3. 5432      1.15                                     3. 10085   1.00             
        Before                   After replacing rotor seal and isolation seal
        之前                     转动杆和隔离密封垫检修后
        Overdue instrument maintenance can cause peak shape problems.
        仪器保养超期可能引起峰形问题/进样器划痕
        Peak Tailing 峰拖尾
        Extra-Column Volume  柱外死体积效应
        Column: StableBond SB-C18, 4.6 × 30mm , 3.5µm
        Mobile Phase: 85% H2Owith 0.1% TFA : 15% CAN
        Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min         Temperature: 35ºC                                   
         
        Sample: 1. Phenylalanine   2. 5-benzyl-3,6-dioxo-2-piperazine   
                      3. Asp-phe             4. Aspartame
         
         
         
         
         
        10 µl extra-column volume               50 µl extra-column volume
         
        Determining the Cause of Peak Tailing
        峰拖尾原因的确定
        Evaluate mobile phase effects - alter mobile phase pH and additives to eliminate secondary interactions         评价流动相效果 - 改变流动相pH和添加剂消除次级效应/流动相中组份与柱子相互作用
        Evaluate column choice - try column with high purity silica or different bonding technology                              评价柱选择 - 试用高纯度硅胶柱或不同键合技术柱
        Reduce sample load   减小进样量
        Eliminate extra-column effects  消除柱外效应
        Flush column and check for aging/void                            冲洗柱子检查柱子老化/塌陷
        Retention Issues
        保留时间问题
        Retention time changes(tr)                        保留时间改变
        Capacity factor (retention) changes (k´)        容量因子改变
        Selectivity changes (a)                           选择性改变
        Changes in Retention Same Column, Over Time相同柱子上保留时间改变,超时
        May be cause by:                                     可能的原因:
        Column aging  柱老化
        Column contamination  柱污染
        Insufficient equilibration  不够平衡
        Poor column/mobile phase combination                                                                                                           柱/流动相组成差
        Change in mobile phase  改变流动相
        Change in flow rate  改变流速
        other instrument issues  其他仪器问题
        Mobile phase Change Causes Change in Retention
        流动相改变引起保留时间改变
        60%MeOH:40% 0.1% TFA       Fresh TFA Added to Mobile Phase
         
         
         
        Volatile TFA evaporated/degassed from mobile phase.    易挥发的三氟乙酸从流动相中蒸发/挥发。
        Replacing it solved problem.                                            换用新的流动相就解决问题。
         
        23.使用有机挥发性酸时,流动相应新配。
        Column Aging/Equilibration Causes Retention/Selectivity Changes
        柱老化/平衡不够引起保留时间/选择性改变
        Column 1 - Initial    1  号柱      开始时
        Column 1 - Next Day      1  号柱      第二天         
        Column 1 - After Cleaning with 1% H3PO4                                       1  号柱用 1% H3PO清洗   
         
         
        The primary analyte was sensitive to mobile phase aging of the column.     最初的分析对流动相老化柱子是灵敏的
        The peak shape was a secondary issue resolved by flushing the column.     冲洗柱子第二要解决的问题是峰形
        Retention and peak shape were as expected after cleaning.                       清洗后保留时间和峰形都达到了预期效果
        Determining the Cause of Retention Changes on the same Column
        同一柱上保留时间改变原因的确定
        1. Determine K´, a, and tr for suspect peaks  对怀疑峰K´, a和tr的确定
        2. Wash column  冲洗柱子
        3. Test new column - note lot number                  试验新柱- 记录一批数据
        4. Review column equilibration procedures         观察柱平衡过程
        5. Make up fresh mobile phase4 and test             配制新鲜流动相再试验
        6. Check instrument performance 检查仪器性能
        Change in Retention/Selectivity Column-to Column
        柱与柱之间保留时间/选择性的改变
        Different column histories (aging)                              不同的柱历史(老化)
        Insufficient/inconsistent equilibration
        平衡不够 /不一致
        Poor column/mobile phase combination                        柱/流动相差
        Change in mobile phase流动相改变
        Change in flow rate 流速改变
        Other instrument issues其他仪器问题
        Slight changes in column bed volume (tr only)                柱内体积轻微改变
        Lot-to-Lot Selectivity Change (pH) 
        批与批之间选择性改变(pH)
        pH 4.5 - Lot 1                      pH 3.0 - Lot 1
        pH 4.5 - Lot 2                      pH 3.0 - Lot 2
         
         
        pH 4.5 shows selectivity change from lot-to-lot for basic compounds                                  pH 4.5 显示批与批之间对碱性化合物的选择性改变
        pH 3.0 shows no selectivity change from lot-to-lot, indicating silanol sensitivity at pH 4.5    pH 3.0显示批与批之间对碱性化合物的无选择性改变,表明在pH 4.5硅醇基的灵敏性
        Conclusions    结论
        HPLC column problem are evident as:  高效液相色谱柱问题明显的为:
        High pressure   高压
        Undesirable peak shape   不希望得到的峰形
        Changes in retention/selectivity   保留时间/选择性的改变                                                    
        Often these problems are not associated with the column and may be caused by instrument and experimental condition issues.
        经常遇到的这些问题不一定与柱有关,而与仪器和实验条件方面的问题有关
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