抗体应用

Tumor growth beyond a size of 1-2 mm3 requires new blood supply to sustain the nutritional and oxygen demands of the proliferating cancer cells (1). Tumor neovascularization is a complex process involving endothelial cell proliferation, matrix degradation, endothelial cell migrat ...

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the method of treating lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells with retroviral immunotoxins (retIT) so that these cells can express and secrete immunotoxins (IT). The intent is to use LAK as a vehicle to deliver IT therapy directly to leukemia cells in vi ...

Immunotoxins provide the opportunity to make neurotoxic lesions of specific neurochemically-defined neuronal populations (see Chapter 17) by targeting cell-surface antigens that are uniquely expressed by the cells of interest. The greatest application of these toxins in the s ...

This chapter describes the use of antineuronal immunotoxins to make selective neural lesions. The immunotoxin approach (immunolesioning) has significantly advanced the art of making neural lesions, combining the selectivity of monoclonal immunotoxins with various behav ...

The past several years have seen great optimism resulting from the deployment of highly active antiretroviral therapies for the treatment of HIV infection. Combinations of reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors can induce suppression of viremia, reversal of immunodefi ...

Crosslinking reagents are valuable tools used to determine the quarternary and subunit structures of proteins (1,2). Other applications for crosslinkers include the determination of protein-protein interactions, analysis of proteins in cellular membranes, and the identif ...

Class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA-I) alleles have been described as themost polymorphic human antigens (1-4). To date, there are more than 500 HLA- I alleles which have been officially assigned by the World Health Organization Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System (5). This num ...

Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules are highly polymorphic cell surface expressed molecules that bind antigenic (Ag) peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transport them to the cell surface for presentation to cytotoxic T-cells (1). The MHC-I complex is ...

Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules alert cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to the presence of intracellular pathogens and tumors by presenting short peptides derived from pathogen- or tumor-specific proteins. To present a peptide, an MHC-I heavy chain (HC) binds the p ...

Immunization of mice, with preparations of heat shock proteins (HSPs) isolated from tumors or virus-infected cells, has been shown to elicit specific protective immunity against the tumor or the virus-infected cells used as the source of the HSP. This phenomenon has been shown to be general, in t ...

Peptides that bind major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products exhibit allele-specific sequence motifs. The motifs, however, are neither necessary nor sufficient for binding. In particular, about 66% of the peptides that exhibit motifs do not bind the corresponding MHC molecu ...

T lymphocytes interact with protein antigens (Ags) in the form of peptides bound to self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules displayed at the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC) (1, 2). Dissection of the different T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated functions elici ...

Many of the important properties of T-cells are not imprinted by the genetic program of the cell. Clonotypic expression of receptors, major histocompat- ibility complex (MHC) restriction, and self tolerance are all properties that are determined somatically during the development of an ...

Differentiated CD4+T-cells produce a restricted set of cytokines, allowing their subdivision into two discrete populations: T-helper 1 (Th1), characterized by secretion of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon γ (IFN-γ); and Th2, selectively producing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 (1). Polarized s ...

Proteasomes are large multicatalytic proteinases located in the nuclei and cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Proteasomes are composed of four heptameric rings stacked to form a hollow cylinder (length 16-20 nm, diameter 11-12 nm). The outer two rings are composed of α-subunits, while β-su ...

CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes (TCD8+) play major roles in the acute response to intracellular pathogens and in maintaining the latent state in chronic virus infections. There is great hope that TCD8+responses can be manipulated to treat neoplasms. Major histocompatibility complex (M ...

Molecular identification of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bound antigenic (Ag) peptides recognized by CD8+T-cells has remained elusive until recently, because of the lack of a simple and efficient method to isolate these Ags (1). Each MHC-I molecule presents thousands ...

The recognition of a peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is the central event in T-cell activation. The enormous complexity of the peptide pool displayed by MHC molecules makes it virtually impossible to det ...

Proteasomes are multicatalytic proteases present in the nucleus and cytosol of eukaryotic cells. The central catalytic core, the 20S proteasome, consists of four heptameric rings, the central two of which contain the catalytic β-sub- units, members of a new family of threonine (Thr)-prot ...

Herein, we succinctly review mechanisms underlying self-tolerance and the roles of dendritic leukocytes (DCs) in T-cell tolerance to self and foreign antigens. We also consider the properties of naturally arising and other populations of regulatory T cells (Treg), together with grow ...