抗体应用

Symplex™ is an antibody discovery technology that identifies fully human antigen-specific antibody repertoires directly from plasma cells. The technology utilizes reverse transcription and overlap extension polymerase chain reaction performed on single-cell-sort ...

The poor biophysical properties of antibody fragments such as scFvs and diabodies can preclude their use as therapeutic agents. The non-ideal biophysical properties and insufficient thermal stability of antibody fragments often leads to poor expression, poor solubility, and a pre ...

Phage antibody technology is a powerful approach for generating human antibodies to virtually any target antigen. For many therapeutic applications, it is useful to generate antibodies that bind to cell-surface receptors in a manner where binding results in internalization of the an ...

Phage display is a powerful tool in identifying specific antibody fragment binding to the target. Several strategies can be used to screen out a specific Fab from the phage library that binds to an antigen; it may be performed on immobilized targeted molecule, on the intact cells, or by other strategi ...

HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is composed of two non-covalently associated subunits: gp120 and gp41. Panning of phage-displayed antibody libraries against gp140 (covalently linked gp120 and the extracellular portion of gp41) has resulted mostly in selection of anti-gp120 ant ...

Affinity-matured antibodies can exhibit increased biological efficacy. Regardless of whether an antibody is isolated from a hybridoma or a human Fv phage library, the antibody affinity for its target may need improvement for therapeutic applications. An increased affinity may all ...

Antibodies are indispensable tools for research, diagnostics, and therapy. However, sometimes antibodies with the most favourable specificity profile lack sufficient affinity for a desired application. Here, we describe a method to increase the affinity of recombinant scFv ant ...

The vast majority of infectious diseases are caused by pathogens that infect mucosal surfaces or use them as portals of entry. Mucosal immune responses are the first line of defense against these pathogens that are inhaled, ingested, or sexually transmitted. However, some agents may be able to b ...

Adjuvants are available to promote the generation of antibodies to an antigen following immunization. However, many of these adjuvants do not enhance priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The reason for this lies in the existence of two alternative antigen processing pathways, lead ...

The Syntex adjuvant formulation (SAF) is an effective adjuvant composed of a muramyl dipeptide derivative (threonyl-MDP) in an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion vehicle. Threonyl-MDP (N-acetyl muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine) was identified as a superior adjuvant to muramyl di ...

Over the last decade, advances in subunit vaccine technology, achieved in many cases with recombinant DNA techniques, have created a dramatic increase in demand for vaccine adjuvants which can help to ellicit protective responses from subunit antigens which, in general, are poorly immu ...

QS-21 is an immunological adjuvant derived from a natural source: the bark of the South American tree Quillaja saponaria Molina. Crude extracts of Quillaja saponaria bark were found to have adjuvant activity in foot-andmouth disease vaccines in cattle (1). These extracts consisted of a comp ...

Classical adjuvant formulations, such as Freund’s adjuvants and aluminium salts, are blended with antigens to formulate an emulsion, or the antigens are adsorbed onto a three-dimensional gel containing adjuvant (1). The ISCOM™ (immunostimulating complex, Iscotec AB, Uppsala, Swe ...

Interest in new methods of potentiating the immune response against vaccine antigens has increased considerably over the past decade. In part, this interest is in response to vaccine initiatives that have established aggressive goals for improving existing vaccines and for develop ...

Live attenuated virus and bacterial vaccines are generally more potent than subunit or nucleic acid vaccines because of the host’s vigorous inflammatory response to them. The challenge to building effective subunit or nucleic acid vaccines is incorporating those factors in the regim ...

DNA is a complex macromolecule with immunological properties that depend on base sequence. Although mammalian DNA is immunologically inert, DNA from bacteria has potent immunostimulatory properties that result from short sequence motifs called CpG motifs or immunostimulato ...

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI), the introduction of antigens using a topical application to intact skin, is a new technology that has both practical and immunological merits. Practically speaking, a needle-free method of vaccine delivery will decrease the risk of needle-borne d ...

Adjuvants have been used to augment the immune response to antigens for more than 70 years. Ramon first demonstrated that it was possible to increase levels of diphtheria or tetanus antitoxin by the addition of bread crumbs, agar, tapioca, starch oil, lecithin, or saponin to the vaccines (1). In this ch ...

There are no officially recognized regulations for the design and toxicity testing of adjuvants or adjuvant formulations; the former are also referred to as immunomodulators and immunopotentiators. At the “Immunological Adjuvants and Vaccines” meeting held in Greece in 1988, howe ...

Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli and Cholera toxin (CT) from Vibro cholerae are known to be potent mucosal immunogens. These toxins have 80% sequence homology and a similar tertiary structure (1,4), and both elicit potent serum IgG and mucosal IgA responses (5,6). Moreover, b ...