疾病及处理

The avian influenza (AI) virus is type A influenza isolated from and adapted to an avian host. Type A influenza belongs to the orthomyxovirdae virus family, is enveloped, and is pleiomorphic with a size ranging from 80–120 nm (reviewed in ). Type A influenza strains are classified by the serological su ...

The efficient extraction and purification of viral RNA are critical for downstream molecular applications, whether it is the sensitive and specific detection of virus in clinical samples, virus gene cloning and expression, or quantification of the avian influenza (AI) virus by molecu ...

Successful detection of the avian influenza (AI) virus, viral antigen, nucleic acid, or antibody is dependent upon the collection of the appropriate sample type, the quality of the sample, and the proper storage and handling of the sample. The diagnostic tests to be performed should be consider ...

Real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) is a relatively new technology that has been used for avian influenza (AI) virus detection since the early 2000s for routine surveillance, during outbreaks, and for research. Some of the advantages of rRT-PCR are high sensitivity, high specificity, rapid time-to- ...

Serological methods, gene sequencing, and RT-PCR-based methods have all been used for the identification of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes. Compared to serological methods and gene sequencing, RT-PCR is fast, sensitive, and relatively inexpensive. However, since RT ...

The avian influenza (AI) virus is usually isolated and propagated by inoculating either swab or tissue samples from infected birds into the chorioallantoic sac of embryonating chicken eggs. This is the accepted method, but occasionally an isolation may only be successful when inoculat ...

The hemagglutination (HA) assay is a tool used to screen cell culture or amnioallantoic fluid harvested from embryonating chicken eggs for hemagglutinating agents, such as type A influenza. The HA assay is not an identification assay, as other agents also have hemagglutinating properti ...

The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay is a classical laboratory procedure for the classification or subtyping of hemagglutinating viruses. For the avian influenza (AI) virus, the HI assay is used to identify the hemagglutinin (H) subtype of an unknown AI virus isolate or the HA subty ...

The neuraminidase-inhibition (NI) assay is a laboratory procedure for the identification of the neuraminidase (NA) glycoprotein subtype in influenza viruses or the NA subtype specificity of antibodies to influenza virus. A serological procedure for subtyping the NA glycoprote ...

The treatment schedule (combination of compounds, doses, and duration) and the virological follow-up for management of antiviral treatment in patients chronically infected by HCV is now well standardized, but to ensure good monitoring of the treated patients, physicians need rapid, ...

HCV infection is usually diagnosed by means of an enzyme immune assay for the detection of antibody against HCV. The window period between infection and seroconversion remains a dramatic problem in the transfusional and diagnostic setting. In this chapter, we report (i) procedures for assa ...

Detection and localization of HCV in liver tissue are vital for diagnostic purposes and clinical management of HCV-infected patients, as well as for the elucidation of viropathological mechanisms. The fragility of HCV RNA and the low levels of viral expression in infected tissues are a cons ...

International standardization and coordination of the nomenclature of variants of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is increasingly needed as more is discovered about the scale of HCV-related liver disease and important biological and antigenic differences that exist between variants. C ...

HCV infection provides a classic example of the phenomenon of quasispecies. Because several lines of investigation support the contribution of quasispecies to HCV’s capacity to maintain a persistent infection, adequate characterization of the quasispecies is important. The hy ...

The HCV genome is highly heterogeneous; more and more genotypes, each with several distinct subtypes, are being identified around the world. Knowledge of genotype is important for planning of treatment regimes, whereas subtype identification is useful in epidemiological studies a ...

The p7 membrane polypeptide from HCV is essential for virus infection. It exhibits ion-channel activity reported to be specifically blocked by various compounds. These properties make p7 an attractive candidate target for antiviral intervention to combat viral hepatitis C infect ...

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected some 170 million people worldwide, and is expected to pose a significant medical problem for the foreseeable future. No vaccine is presently available, and the current antiviral therapies (pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin) are characteriz ...

Detailed analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate viral culture system and small animal models of infection. My group and others have recently reported the production of infectious virus after full-length HCV RNA transfection into Huh-7 cells. This sy ...

HCV is a small RNA virus belonging to the genus Hepacivirus within the virus family Flaviviridae. Infection with HCV often leads to chronic liver diseases including chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current therapy, based on the use of interferon-α (IFN ...

Recently described systems for efficiently growing HCV in cell culture provide powerful new tools with which to dissect the life cycle of this important human pathogen. This chapter describes methods for measuring the infectivity of HCV produced in cell culture or recovered from animals ...