疾病及处理

CD4+helper T cells play a central role in the development of malaria immune responses and a large number of epitopes from the sporozoite, sexual, and asexual stage of malaria proteins have been tabulated in both mice and humans (1-8). It is clear that the incorporation of antigenic determinants sti ...

CD4+T cells play an important role in immunity to blood-stage malaria parasites and in disease pathogenesis. The role of CD4+T cells has been demonstrated by selective depletion in vitro (1-3), by adoptive transfer of T cells to immunodeficient mice (1,4-7), and by the ability of human T cells to inhib ...

There is evidence in rodent models of malaria and indirect evidence in human malaria of the role of T cells in protective immunity to the disease (13) and in the pathology of malaria infections (45)). Measurement of this T-cell response is important for two reasons: to determine which parasite protei ...

The advent of molecular techniques for the first time allowed for the specific biological characterization and a more clear understanding of the function of molecules synthesized by leukocytes termed cytokines. In addition, availability of the recombinant forms of these cytokines ...

Mosquito injection of Plasmodium sporozoites into the bloodstream is followed by a short transit period before invasion of the hepatocyte, the only host cell expressing class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Liver stages develop within the hepatocyte for perio ...

Townsend and colleagues (1) were the first to demonstrate, in 1984, that target cells that had been transfected with single viral RNA segments could be specifically recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Recombinant vaccinia viruses that expressed single-gene products were sub ...

Nitric oxide (NO) and the related species nitrosothiols, have multiple important physiological and pathological roles in health and disease that have been extensively reviewed elsewhere (1-6). In brief, NO is involved in modulating or mediating host resistance to tumors and microbes, ...

Our results have emphasized the potential involvement of the antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) mechanism in the protective effect of antibodies mediating acquired immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria (1). The ADCI mechanism consists of a cooperation betwe ...

As described in Chapter 42, niric oxide (NO) is synthesized from the amino acid l-arginine by the actions of a family of enymes, the NO synthases (NOS), each isoform of which is encoded by a separate gene. Two NOS isoforms are calcium-dependent and constitutively expressed and produce low levels of NO: NO ...

Because it has been 25 yr since the successful cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum (1), most researchers do not remember how difficult it was to work with malaria parasites, especially in vitro. Before the development of current methods, malaria parasite cultures were always short-term, ...

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are a complex class of glycolipids that can trigger a cascade of immunological responses in mammals, including endotoxic effects and serum antibody production (1). LPS have been found to exhibit a common molecular architecture consisting of at least two dist ...

With the advent of new techniques to explore bacterial pathogenesis, such as signature tagged mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis coupled with the whole genome sequence and bioinformatics, there is a need for clear descriptions of the available mutagenesis tools for indivi ...

Classical transposons applicable to Haemophilus influenzae have had their limitations. Recently, however, advances have been made in the development of transposon systems and their applications, such as signature tagged mutagenesis, to identify in-vivo survival genes, and the ...

The pathogenesis of a microbial infection is a complex, dynamic process, constantly evolving within the host. In many instances, the production of virulence determinants is tightly regulated, and their production is modulated in response to the ever-changing environment encounte ...

We describe the development of a flow-cytometric-based opsonophagocytosis (OP) assay that is capable of looking at antigen-specific antibodies, that is, complement-dependent, not complement-mediated. Using the OP assay we are able to look at uptake of bacteria by neutrophils simul ...

The interaction of bacteria with mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract is thought to be critical in their pathogenesis. Bacteria must overcome local defenses that include physical barriers such as mucus, beating cilia, and an intact epithelial surface; antibacterial substances ...

Haemophilus influenzae type b, a colonizer of the human respiratory tract, is capable of breaching the epithelial cellular barrier of this niche, as well as endothelial barriers of the vasculature to enter the blood system, prior to dissemination to other tissues including the brain (1). Besi ...

Isolates of Haemophilus influenzae can be separated into encapsulated and nonencapsulated forms. Encapsulated strains express one of six structurally and antigenically distinct capsular polysaccharides, designated serotypes a–f (1). In contrast, nonencapsulated str ...

Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacterium that was first described by Pfeiffer in 1892 (1). This ubiquitous, human-specific organism was originally thought to be the etiologic agent of “influenza.” However, H. influenzae was not consistently isolated from autopsied lungs ...

Although Haemophilus influenzae genes may be transferred by plasmidmediated conjugation, this process is not discussed further below, as it has received little attention and is rarely used for strain construction. Conjugative plasmids are common in H. influenzae, as in other bacter ...