细胞功能测定

The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, acts as a barrier between the skin and the outside world, preventing evaporation of water from underlying tissues while impeding the diffusion of foreign molecules into the body (1,2). Densely packed layers of flattened, dead, keratinized c ...

In many in vitro transdermal drug delivery experiments, the skin is placed within a permeation chamber, and measurements are taken every hour or so. However, during skin electroporation, significant molecular transport can occur within the first few minutes (1).

Transient disruption of skin’s barrier properties using high-voltage pulses involves complex changes in skin microstructure believed to be due to electroporation. Electroporation of cell membranes is a well known phenomenon which has found extensive use as a method of DNA transfec ...

In chicken embryos, viral vectors have been successfully used to transfer foreign genes in somatic cells. By using retroviral vectors, for example, genes involved in myocyte growth and differentiation in chicken embryos have been characterized (1–3). The reason for the use of viral vectors ...

Hemophilia B is an X-linked genetic disorder that typically results from chronic circulating deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX (FIX) (1). While the occurrence of hemophilia B is significantly less frequent than hemophilia A (factor VIII, deficiency) it has received special att ...

Until today, gene transfer to germ cells has been attempted by a variety of methods including microinjection, embryonic stem cell-mediated transfection, virus mediated transfection, lipofection (1), microparticle bombardment (2), and sperm mediated transformation (3). In vivo ...

Of the many methods and techniques for in vivo gene transfer, some have already been used in clinical trials. In most cases, genes are transferred into tissues using the infectivity of viral particles. However, viral systems have some known drawbacks (1,2). If an efficient and specific transfer me ...

Gene therapy is a relatively new type of treatment compared to other modalities such as surgical intervention and drug therapy. Unfortunately, gene therapy is not yet a reality. However, this type of treatment continues to show promise due to the wealth of molecular information about human dis ...

Electrochemotherapy has been proven to be efficient for the treatment of subcutaneous tumors of different histological types in mice, rats and cats (1–3). Electrochemotherapy is essentially a local treatment. Indeed, it is based on the potentiation of the cytotoxicity of a low-permeant ...

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a combination treatment which involves administering a chemotherapeutic agent followed by the delivery of electric pulses to cells or tissue. Electrical treatment results in increased drug uptake by the cells which provides an improved therapeutic ...

The first attempt to apply electrochemotherapy (ECT) to the brain was reported in 1993 by Salford et al. 1993 (1). They managed to significantly prolong the survival of RG2 glioma bearing Fischer-344 rats by 200% by iv administration of bleomycin followed by intracranial electrochemothera ...

Preclinical experiments performed on mice clearly showed that electrochemotherapy can efficiently treat subcutaneous tumors of different histological types (1–4). However, the possibility of relevant clinical applications for electrochemotherapy requires the dem ...

Each year approximately 6000 new cases of soft tissue sarcoma are diagnosed in the United States (1). The disease affects the extremities in 60% of the reported cases with the lower extremity the most likely tumor site (2,3). Management of soft tissue sarcomas is challenging but over the last 20 yr treat ...

It has been reported that the application of strong electric fields across a cell results in the formation and expansion of temporary membrane pores. Electrochemotherapy is a method which enhances the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents by administrating the drugs in combina ...

Bleomycin has, in the years of developing electrochemotherapy (ECT), proven to be an extremely potent drug for this cancer treatment modality and is also the most frequently applied chemical agent. It is of importance to investigate the pharmacokinetics of bleomycin under normal condit ...

Cancer of the pancreas is currently the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths with a five year survival of less than 1% In the United States (1). It is one of the most difficult cancers to treat, since it is hard to detect in the early stages. The patients remain asymptomatic until late in the course of the dise ...

Electroporation (also termed electropermeabilization) of muscle tissue has been studied in several contexts. It has been shown that electroporation plays an important role in muscle damage as a result of electrical injury (1,2) and that electroporation of cardiac muscle occurs duri ...

In order to be effective, electrochemotherapy must meet the following two requirements. First, the chemotherapeutic drug must be present around tumor cells, and second, each cell in the tumor must be exposed to an electric field that is above the threshold value for this particular tumor type.

Electrochemotherapy has been developed on the basis of in vitro data showing the huge increase of bleomycin cytotoxicity observed after cell electropermeabilization. Electrochemotherapy has been proven to be highly efficient as a local antitumor treatment on transplanted tu ...

Administering a chemotherapeutic agent in combination with electric fields (electrochemotherapy; ECT) has been shown to be an effective localized treatment for solid tumors (1). The drug used most often in this combination treatment has been bleomycin. ECT has been used successfully ...