细胞功能测定

Tight junctions (TJs) function as a physiological barrier between epithelial and endothelial sheets by restricting the diffusion of fluid through the intercellular space. Recent morphological studies associated with TJs have revealed that the TJ is a dynamic rather than a static str ...

In the last decade, the claudin family of integral membrane proteins has been identified as the major protein component of the tight junctions in all vertebrates. The claudin superfamily proteins also function to regulate channel activity, intercellular signaling, and cell morpholo ...

A primary cultured gill epithelium from the model organism Tetraodon nigroviridis (spotted green puffer fish) has been developed for the study of claudin tight junction (TJ) proteins and their potential role in the regulation of paracellular permeability across the gills of fishes. The ...

Since the discovery of Claudin-1 and -2 by Tsukita and colleagues in the late 1990s , claudin family members have been found to have critical roles in maintaining the integrity of epithelial and endothelial tight junctions . The properties of distinct claudin family members in tight junction p ...

Anti-claudin-4, whose corresponding antigen receptors are known to be overexpressed in both primary and metastatic human pancreatic cancer, is utilized for targeted delivery and imaging of pancreatic cancer. In this protocol, we describe the use of quantum dots (QDs) as sensitive opti ...

Tissue barrier function is directly mediated by tight junction transmembrane proteins known as claudins. Cells that form tight junctions typically express multiple claudin isoforms, which suggests that heterotypic (head-to-head) binding between different claudin isofo ...

Claudins comprise a multigene family of 24 species and have been shown to constitute the backbone of tight junction strands in simple epithelial cells and to be directly involved in their barrier functions. Apical-most tight junction protein complexes (TJs) are implicated in inflammat ...

Claudins are tight junction membrane proteins that act as paracellular pores and barriers and regulate epithelial permeability to small ions. A key step in understanding the function of any claudin isoform is the in vitro measurement of its ion permeability and selectivity. Herein, we des ...

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a single polypeptide of approximately 35 kDa in size, is �associated with type A food poisoning and such non-foodborne gastrointestinal diseases as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and sporadic diarrhea. CPE action begins with bindi ...

Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular structures in epithelial and endothelial cells, primarily playing �critical roles in cell–cell adhesion. Among their molecular components, claudins are the main constituents as integral membrane proteins, encoded by at least 24 members of a ...

Claudins are a family of tetraspan membrane proteins that localize at tight junctions in an epithelial monolayer forming a selective barrier to diffusion of solutes via the intercellular spaces. It is widely accepted that the interaction between the extracellular loops of claudin mol ...

Tight junctions (TJs) are the most apical component of the junctional complexes in mammalian epithelial cells and form selective paracellular barriers restricting the passage of solutes and ions across the epithelial sheets. Claudins, a TJ integral membrane protein family, play a cri ...

The paracellular transport of water, ions, and small solutes is regulated by tight junctions (TJs) in �epithelial, endothelial, and mesothelial cells. Both the prolonged increase and decrease of the paracellular permeability are involved in various diseases. Claudins, a family of at le ...

Claudin-4 is an unusual member of the claudin family; in addition to its role in epithelial tight junction barrier function, it is a receptor for the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. We have also found that claudin-4 is regulated in mucosal epithelium M cells, both in increased expression of ...

Cell survival and death are complex matters. Too much survival may lead to cancer and too much cell death may result in tissue degeneration. In this chapter, we will first of all focus on the cellular survival mechanisms that promote correct folding and maintenance of protein function. These mecha ...

Amyloid diseases, the most clinically relevant protein misfolding pathologies due to the high prevalence of some of them in the population, are characterized by the presence, in specific tissues and organs, of fibrillar deposits of specific peptides or proteins. Increasing efforts are ...

The unfolded protein response (UPR) was originally identified as a signaling network coordinating adaptive and apoptotic responses to accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). More recent work has shown that UPR signaling can be triggered by a multitude of c ...

The essential need for mitochondrial function has been extensively shown to relate to neuronal health. Neurodegeneration and neurodegeneration-related diseases have been associated with multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions. This review highlights key findings rela ...

Autophagy is a cellular quality control process by which cytoplasmic constituents including proteins, protein aggregates, organelles, and invading pathogens can be delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is activated in response to changes in the internal status of the ...

Cells are under constant onslaught from several intrinsic and extrinsic stressors, which lead to the occurrence and accumulation of molecular damage, functional impairment, aging, and eventual death. Protein misfolding is both a cause and a consequence of increased cellular stress. ...