神经生物学

A powerful method to study the role of the autonomic nervous system in preservation of homeostasis is to directly record sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) to various organs. This chapter will introduce methods to analyze the multi-fiber sympathetic nerve activity that is differential ...

Here we describe two Neurobiotin electroporation techniques for combined analysis of neuronal structure and function in 300-μm-thick brain slices during development, using mouse hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons as a model. Individual neurons were studied with patch electrodes ...

There is an increasing tendency to combine multidisciplinary methods in studying the central nervous systems. One recently developed technique is the combination of electrophysiological and pharmacological investigations by making intracellular recording during ex ...

Putative sympathetic premotor neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla are critically important in the regulation of sympathetic vasomotor tone and are responsible for mediating many cardiovascular reflexes. In the rat, these neurons lie within a small area of the brainstem im ...

Characterisation of the phenotype and physiological responsiveness of a neuron and identification of its innervation target(s) are important objectives for neuroscientists. This chapter describes the technique of juxtacellular neuronal labelling and presents proced ...

Manipulation of intracellular signalling pathways and ligand protein interactions can lead to new therapeutic strategies in many cardiovascular diseases. One of the most commonly used methods, performed on different disease models of rat, is the microinjection of various agoni ...

Despite the advent of transgenic gene manipulation in vivo and in vitro and the rapid rise of RNA interference, in order to target protein function by ablation or suppression of specific gene products, pharmacological manipulation of G protein-coupled signalling pathways remains a hig ...

Many laboratories around the world use baroreceptor denervation in their investigations of the cardiovascular system. The most common method, performed in the rat, is a permanent denervation where the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves are transected. Here, we describe detai ...

Microinjection of the excitatory amino acid glutamate is commonly used to stimulate neuronal cell bodies in brainstem nuclei that are crucial for cardiovascular regulation, respiratory control, and other functions. One such nucleus, the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), in ...

The in situ arterially perfused rodent preparation is an innovation that has allowed for significant progress in the study of cardiorespiratory reflex circuitry. This preparation provides a number of advantages over other preparations. The retention of peripheral cardiorespi ...

Optogenetics is the combination of genetic and optical methods to achieve gain or loss of function of well-defined events in specific cells in living tissues. One of the strengths of this approach is that it can be used in conscious animals without impeding normal behavior. This method has been imp ...

The microdialysis technique for the measurement of brain extracellular levels of monoamines has become very popular over the last 2–3 decades, particularly in laboratories involved in neuropharmacology studies. Nevertheless, microdialysis of monoamines is a challenging te ...

Two different spinal microdialysis approaches in freely moving rats are demonstrated. The assessment of the stability and the influences of related factors on spinal microdialysis are discussed. Using spinal microdialysis we demonstrate its contribution on spinal cord neurot ...

This chapter summarizes the recent development of combination of in vivo microdialysis with selective detection, especially electrochemical detection, to form novel online analytical methods for continuously monitoring brain chemistry, without the need for sample colle ...

Recent theoretical studies have yielded a more profound knowledge of the properties of recovery (the key parameter in quantitative microdialysis) and have put in evidence important limitations of the usual in vivo calibration methods used in quantitative microdialysis for pharm ...

Microdialysis allows for measurement of multiple compounds dissolved in the interstitial fluid of the rat brain, including carbon dioxide, if a radioactive tracer is included. Upon introduction of a 14C-labeled compound into the interstitial fluid of the brain, the compound is transp ...

Intercellular communication plays a key role in information processing in the nervous system, to immune response, to cellular growth and differentiation, and to most processes fundamental to life for multicellular organisms. As a sampling technique microdialysis enables in vivo s ...

A recently developed application of microdialysis is the introduction of a substance into the extracellular space via the microdialysis probe. The inclusion of a higher amount of a drug in the perfusate allows the drug to diffuse through the microdialysis membrane to the tissue. This techni ...

Microdialysis cerebral technique has been widely employed in order to study neurotransmitter release. This technique presents numerous advantages such as it allows work with sample in vivo from freely moving animals. Different drugs in different points implanted probes in several ...

Cerebral microdialysis is a well-established laboratory tool that is now widely used as a bedside monitor of brain tissue biochemistry during neurointensive care. With its ability to create a facsimile of brain tissue extracellular fluid (ECF) and characterize metabolic and bioche ...