神经生物学

Almost all nervous system motor disorders result in impaired use of the upper limb. Skilled reaching, including the ability to reach for, grasp, and eat a piece of food (reach-to-eat), when impaired, limits patient independence and quality of life. The present paper describes a rat preclinical mo ...

Here, we describe the systematic mouse phenotyping approach of the German Mouse Clinic (GMC), that works as an open-access phenotyping platform, and of the European Mouse Disease Clinic, which is an EU-funded multi-centre project characterising mutants generated by the large-scale mo ...

Unlike many other imaging techniques, positron emission tomography, PET, necessitates gathering a broad array of competences: biologists/physicians have to interact with physicists, chemists and mathematicians to acquire and analyze PET data. The ensemble of a PET imaging expe ...

The present chapter introduces the potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for in vivo investigations of experimental stroke in rodents. Aspects in setting up the experiment, particular for this technique, are presented as well as considerations for the choice of anaesthesia pr ...

The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model has received considerable attention of late as a model complementary to the hemi-parkinsonian rat. Although both species are similar in nature, there are significant differences between the two when conducting stereotaxic surgery, ...

This chapter describes the behavioral methods of our research program for assessing the effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication in the African green monkey as well as various strategies for reversing those effects. MPTP intoxication has be ...

For investigations into treatment of Parkinson’s disease, the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated primate has become one of the most important and established animal models. Various species of both Old and New world primate have been used, employing diff ...

Since the first identification of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) as a selective neurotoxin for nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in 1983, there have been over 2,000 manuscripts published utilizing this compound in mice, attesting to the value of this mod ...

A common side effect of the pharmacotherapy for treatment of the movement disorder Parkinson’s disease is the development of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). These are abnormal, involuntary, choreic and dystonic movements that can be very debilitating, and therefore new treatment o ...

To maximize the success of any translational research endeavor, sensitive and reliable behavioral outcome measures in valid animal models are essential. A common goal of preclinical studies in both Parkinson’s disease and stroke is to reduce or reverse sensorimotor impairments ass ...

Animal behaviours that are easy to measure make great test systems for drug development, but we sometimes neglect to try to understand how their four-legged world view translates to our own. In this brief essay, I try to relate the turning behaviour that has been so useful in the development of drugs that a ...

Rotation is one of the most widely used tests in behavioural neuroscience. It is designed to detect motor turning and side biases in animals with lesions of basal ganglia circuits of the brain, and most notably �following unilateral dopamine-depleting 6-OHDA lesions of the nigrostriatal bu ...

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a monogenetic, neurodegenerative disease. It is fatal, and although treatments are available for minor symptomatic relief, it remains incurable. Careful study of models of HD remains critical for elucidation of disease mechanisms and for the development ...

The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of the rat nigrostriatal pathway is the most widely used animal model of Parkinson’s disease. 6-OHDA is a highly specific neurotoxin which targets catecholamine neurones via the dopamine active transporter (DAT). When injected stereotaxical ...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder. To understand the pathomechanisms and to develop new drugs and therapies for PD, it is important to have animal models that recapitulate the slow progression and symptoms of the disease. The genera ...

Peptides scanned from whole protein sequences are the core information for many peptide bioinformatics research subjects, such as functional site prediction, protein structure identification, and protein function recognition. In these applications, we normally need to ass ...

This chapter critically reviews some of the important methods being used for building quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models using the artificial neural networks (ANNs). It attends predominantly to the use of multilayer ANNs in the regression analysis of str ...

The emergence of drug resistant pathogens can reduce the efficacy of drugs commonly used to treat infectious diseases. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is particularly sensitive to drug selection pressure, rapidly evolving into drug resistant variants on exposure to anti-HIV dr ...

This chapter covers a part of the spectrum of neural-network uses in analytical chemistry. Different architectures of neural networks are described briefly. The chapter focuses on the development of three-layer artificial neural network for modeling the anti-HIV activity of the HETP ...

Artificial neural networks are increasingly used in environmental toxicology to find complex relationships between the ecotoxicity of xenobiotics and their structure or physicochemical properties. The raison d'�tre of these nonlinear tools is their ability to derive powerf ...