实验动物总则

In general, virulent bacteria are distinguished from nonvirulent ones by the presence of genes-encoding virulence factors. Virulence genes might be detected by polymeraase chain reaction (PCR) or hybridization, which also allows the identification of attenuated pathogenic s ...

Continuously automated synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites can be achieved by culturing in a custom temperature-cycling incubator (TCI) whose process controller is programmed to periodically change between three different temperatures:

The study of plasmodial liver stage parasites, in vivo, has been hampered by the relatively small number of liver stage schizonts that can be generated in an animal. This has been true even when large numbers of sporozoites are injected. The number of liver stage parasites can be increased, by increas ...

The isolation of intact functional hepatocytes is a relatively recent innovation in cell biology, as compared to the isolation of cells from other organs. First successfully accomplished in the late 1960s, isolation of viable hepatocytes has become an increasingly utilized techniq ...

During the life cycle of the malaria parasites in mammals, sporozoites invade hepatocytes, and give rise to thousands of merozoites that are able to infect red blood cells. Invasion of the liver cells is thus a critical step by which infection becomes established in the host, and against which an anti ...

In vitro infection of hepatocyte monolayer cultures with plasmodial sporozoites has become a valuable tool for the dissection of host-cell parasite interactions (1-4). This methodology has facilitated the study of how antibodies, cytokines, drugs, and immune effector cells can inf ...

Most studies of the T-cell response to Plasmodium-infected hepatocytes have been done with the rodent parasites, P. yoelii and P. berghei. Early experiments showed that mice immunized with irradiated sporozoites of P. berghei and devoid of antibodies after a long-term treatment with anti ...

Unlike other malaria parasites of man, Plasmodium falciparum parasites are able to sequester in postcapillary venules (1). This allows mature forms of the parasite to avoid circulating through the spleen, where they could be destroyed. Parasites sequester by adhering to receptors on the ...

Erythrocytic cycle malaria parasite growth or invasion inhibition assays (GIA) compare the effects of various test and control substances on malaria parasite growth in erythrocytes or invasion into erythrocytes in vitro. Although inhibitions by antimalarial drugs in vitro corr ...

The antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) assay is designed to assess the capability of antibodies to inhibit the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum in the presence of monocytes. Our studies have shown that antibodies that proved protective against P. falciparum blood s ...

Adhesion assays performed under static conditions reveal a great deal about the molecular mechanisms by which malaria-infected red blood cells adhere to the vascular endothelium. Nevertheless, they do not accurately model the process in vivo as they neglect the influence of physiolo ...

In the previous chapter (see Chapter 53), we described our method for visualizing and quantifying adhesion of malaria-infected red blood cells to endothelial cells or purified receptors using flat, rectangular glass microcapillary tubes (microslides) as flow chambers. In this chap ...

In 1981, Bordier (1) first demonstrated that Triton X-114 could be exploited as a means of separating hydrophilic and integral membrane proteins. Since then, Triton X-114 phase partitioning has been extensively used for identification and isolation of membrane proteins and has proved to be a ...

Current malaria control strategies are based on interventions aimed at either reducing exposure to infectious bites or at chemosupressing the parasite while in the host. In brief, the most commonly used methods to reduce exposure have relied on trying to reduce the number of adult vectors with ...

Immunoprecipitation was introduced by Schwartz and Nathenson (1) who used the procedure to isolate radioactively labeled antigens extracted by nonionic detergent. The procedure selectively precipitates an antigen(s) of interest using antibodies as a specific selection com ...

The erythrocytic stages of the malarial parasites were first observed in man by Laveran in 1880 (1) and in birds by Danilevsky in 1884 (2). This was followed by the discovery and elucidation of the sporogonous cycle by Ross (1897) (3) and Grassi (1900) (4). Schaudinn produced an apparent link between these ...

Plasmodium berghei was probably first described in 1946 by Vincke in blood films of the stomach contents of Anopheles dureni. In 1948, it was subsequently found in blood films of Grammomys surdaster collected in Kisanga, Katanga; blood was passaged to white rats and became the K173 strain made wid ...

Malaria parasites infect a variety of animals, including reptiles, birds, rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans (1). The most commonly studied hosts for biologic, immunologic, and chemotherapeutic studies are rodents and nonhuman primates. The nonhuman primate models of interest ...

Malaria parasites infect a variety of animals, including reptiles, birds, rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans (1). The most commonly studied hosts for biologic, immunologic, and chemotherapeutic studies are rodents and nonhuman primates. The nonhuman primate models of interest ...

Many studies in molecular epidemiology of malaria require the researcher to enumerate or to characterize multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections found concurrently in one carrier. These individual clones can be distinguished by a genotyping scheme based on the different all ...