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Affinity partitioning combines the capability of biological macromolecules to partition in aqueous two-phase systems with the principle of biorecognition.

Affinity chromatography is the most powerful technique for protein purification in terms of specificity. It has the potential of achieving a high degree of purification in one step, but necessitates the use of primary clarification and concentration steps.

Aqueous two-phase extraction has appreciable advantages in terms of ease of scaling-up and its applicability to systems containing solids such as cell and cell debris. However, because it is not always possible to achieve an extreme partitioning of a target molecule into either phase, the in ...

Conventional aqueous two-phase extraction by spontaneous partitioning has often problems with low specificity. The introduction of an affinity ligand into one of the phases has been attempted to enhance the specificity of protein partitioning (1-7; Chapters 29-31). However, this pr ...

Cellulose, a homopolysaccharide whose glucose units are connected through β(1→4) glycosidic linkages, has been of great interest in many scientific and application fields as polymeric drugs and new biomaterials (1). So far, highly pure samples of cellulose and its derivatives have been p ...

The filamentous growing fungus Schizophyllum commune ATCC 38548 (1) secretes a neutral homoglucan (trivial name Schizophyllan) that consists of a backbone chain of 1,3-β-D-glucopyranose units linked with single 1,6-bonded β-D-glucopyranoses at about every third glucose molec ...

Alginates are a group of polysaccharides occurring as structural components or as capsular materials in the cell wall of the brown seaweeds or soil bacteria, respectively (1). About 30,000 metric tons of sodium alginates per year are currently used in the food, pharmaceutical, textile and pap ...

Manufacture of high-molecular-weight compounds with thickener properties has been traditionally related to plants, seeds, and seaweeds. These compounds have been named gums. The rheological properties of their solutions show important alterations depending on uncontrol ...

Some microorganisms are able to convert preferably carbohydrates, n-alkanes (C10 to C20), and triglycerides (fatty acids of C10 to C22) into glycolipids. The carbon sources may be used separately or in combination with each other. As for biosynthetic pathways, these include both degradat ...

Cyclodextrins (cyclomaltooligosaccharides, cyclic -α-D-glucans, CDs) are produced by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) on either liquefied starch, maltodextrin, or long-chain maltooligosaccharides. Although numerous bacterial sources for ...

Guar gum is a natural polysaccharide found in the seeds of certain annual leguminous plants (Cyamopsis psoraloides and tetragonalobus). In a series of physical operations involving crushing, sifting, and grinding, the seeds are separated from the pod and then the gum, contained in the endos ...

Cell membranes can be transiently permeabilized under application of electric pulses that allow hydrophilic therapeutic molecules, such as anticancer drugs and DNA, to enter into cells and tissues. This process, called electropermeabilization or electroporation, has been ra ...

Twenty-five years after the publication of the first report on gene transfer in vitro in cultured cells by the means of electric pulse delivery, reversible cell electroporation for gene transfer and gene therapy (DNA electrotransfer) is at a crossroad in its development. Present knowledge ...

As in vivo electroporation advances from the preclinical phase to clinical studies and eventually to routine medical practice, the design of electroporation devices becomes increasingly important. Achieving safety and efficacy levels that meet regulatory requirements, as w ...

Electroporation was initially developed for the introduction of DNA into cells which grow in suspension and was performed in a cuvette with two flat electrodes on opposite sides. Different configurations were subsequently developed for the electroporation of adherent cells in situ, ...

The importance of DNA formulation in safe and efficient electrogene transfer is increasingly recognized as electroporation technology enters into clinical development. A phenomenal increase in naked DNA delivery by electroporation offers new opportunities for nonviral g ...

As the medical field moves from treatment of diseases with drugs to treatment with genes, safe and efficient gene delivery systems are needed to make this transition. One such safe, nonviral, and efficient gene delivery system is electroporation (electrogenetherapy). Exciting discov ...

This chapter provides an overview of the application of electroporation to areas other than gene delivery. These areas include the delivery of drugs and vaccines to tissues and tumors as well as into and through the skin. Achievements and limitations of electroporation in these areas are pres ...

Antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) have been intensively investigated as potential cellular antitumor vaccines. Several recent reports have indicated that loading DCs with whole tumor derived mRNA or defined tumor-antigen-encoding mRNA represents an effective nonvir ...

Natural killer (NK) cells are highly resistant to transfection by conventional methods such as electroporation and lipofection. Recently, we reported the employment of a novel electroporation-based method, called nucleofection, which for the first time enabled efficient nonv ...