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Several microalgae synthesize metabolites of great commercial interest. Microalgae also act as filters for wastewater N and P, heavy metals, and xenobiotic compounds. However, the cost-effective harvesting of microalgae is one of the major bottlenecks limiting the microalgal bio ...

The use of transition metal-based supports for cell immobilization has proved its feasibility in some fermentative or bioconversion processes with potential for commercial-scale application in the food industry. It was therefore logical to evaluate the validity of this immobil ...

In this chapter, protocols and details for the immobilization of a model cell onto polyurethane foam carriers are provided in order to facilitate the use of such systems in laboratory or industrial reactors. Polyurethane foam has recently acquired great relevance as a carrier for its good mec ...

Cell encapsulation represents one of the current leading methodologies aimed at the delivery of biological products to patients for the treatment of multiple diseases. Alginate is the most frequently employed material for the elaboration of the polymer matrix and outer biocompati ...

The term “immobilized enzymes” refers to “enzymes physically confined or localized in a certain defined region of space with retention of their catalytic activities, and which can be used repeatedly and continuously”;. Besides the application in industrial processes, the immobiliz ...

Immobilization by entrapment in hydrogel particles based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) shows many advantages in immobilizing living cells and cross-linked enzymes. The immobilization takes place at room temperature in aqueous environment. The outstand-ing advantages compar ...

Taylor vortex flow reactors (VFRs) are especially useful when dealing with fragile biocatalysts, in view of the low-shear stress that is a characteristic of this flow pattern. Hence, they may be an interesting solution for reactions with immobilized enzymes. This chapter presents some bas ...

In a fluidized bed reactor, the substrate solution is fed from the lower end of the bed at a velocity high enough to lift the biocatalyst containing beads. Such reactors are especially valuable when the substrate solution contains particulate matter. The mass transfer in a fluidized bed is better as ...

Direct information on the stability and biological activity of immobilized proteins can be obtained from calorimetry. This technique is flexible enough to give insight on the thermodynamic consequences of the immobilization in most experimental conditions, ranging from multi ...

Supercritical fluids (SCFs) are environmentally benign solvents that enable efficient ability to dissolve and/or transport many hydrophobic compounds. Because the solvent properties of SCFs can be adjusted by changing either the pressure or the temperature, they are widely used in a ...

Immobilized enzymes were first applied in the biomedical field aiming to detect bioactive substances or to treat a disease condition. This chapter presents two approaches used for the immobilization of L-asparaginase intended for the treatment of leukemia, based on the entrapment of t ...

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as nonconventional reaction media in enzyme catalyzation has gained increasing attention for developing green chemical processes because of the physical and chemical characteristics of ILs. Some have been shown to be by far the best nonaqueous media for enzy ...

This chapter focuses on the four main immobilization techniques used in the development of enzyme electrodes: adsorption, entrapment, covalent coupling, and cross-linking. The performance of the immobilization method depends on the enzyme and each method has both advantages and dr ...

When enzymes are to be used in organic media, noncovalent immobilization methods are often used because enzymes in general are insoluble in those media. Usually, immobi-lization increases the observed catalytic activity drastically as compared with nonimmobilized enzyme powde ...

The N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the heavy chain fragment C from botulinum neurotoxin serotype C were expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified by ion-exchange chromotography (IEC). The N-terminal fragment, rBoNTC(Hc)-N, was purified in three IEC steps: a Q Sepharose Fast Flow (FF) ...

Human hookworm infection is one of the most significant parasitic infections, and a leading global cause of anemia and malnutrition of adults and children in rural areas of the tropics and subtropics. Necator americanus secretory protein (Na-ASP1), which is a potential vaccine candidate ...

With an ever increasing number of proteins being expressed in the Pichia system, there is a growing need to rapidly develop scalable and robust purification schemes. This chapter describes a high-throughput method to screen for the optimal chromatography conditions and resin to capture ...

Glycosylation is an important issue in heterologous protein production for therapeutic applications. Glycoproteins produced in Pichia pastoris contain high mannose glycan structures that can hamper downstream processing, might be immunogenic, and cause rapid clearance ...

Recombinant and native proteins of Pichia pastoris can be O-mannosylated on serine and threonine residues, allowing further elongation reactions to generate short O-linked oligosaccharides of mannose. Methods for release from the protein with alkaline β-elimination with or wi ...

Biotechnological processes are characterized, in general, by low productivity and dilute product streams. This is attributed to a variety of reasons: