实验基础

Since the discovery of animal rotaviruses (RVs) in the 1960s (1,2), and of human rotaviruses (HRVs) 25 yr ago (3,4), much has been learned about virus structure, classification, evolution, replication, pathogenesis, and specific immune responses, and their correlation with protection and ...

Rotavirus (RV), a double-stranded (ds)RNA virus in the family Reoviridae, is a complex, relatively large (diameter, including spikes = 1000 �), nonenveloped icosahedral virus. Once RV was recognized as a major human pathogen, it was extensively studied using modern molecular genetic and b ...

The effort to understand the molecular biology of rotaviruses (RVs) has led to the development of procedures that can be used to study the replication and transcription of the RV genome, the assembly and structure of the rotavirion, and the structure and function of RV proteins. Because it is not poss ...

Rotavirus (RV) is a triple-protein-layered icosahedral virus, for which studies have established that the two outer-layer proteins, viral protein 4 (VP4) and viral protein 7 (VP7), are required for viral infectivity (1,2). VP7, a glycoprotein, is the major component of the outer-layer, but its r ...

Mixed infection of tissue culture cells is the primary means of studying genetic and nongenetic interactions between viral mutants. The purpose of the mixed infection is to place two different viral genomes into the same cell, where interactions between the genomes and their encoded gene pr ...

Because of the limitations in studying human rotavirus (HRV) pathogenesis and mucosal immunity in the natural host (infants and children), various animal models have been utilized to investigate rotavirus (RV) disease pathogenesis and immunity. Mice and rabbits serve as useful mode ...

Studies of natural rotavirus (RV) infection in children have shown that protection against subsequent RV disease occurs (1). Assessment of humoral immune responses has included study of the importance of circulating vs intestinal antibodies (Abs), serotype-specific vs group-sp ...

Rotaviruses (RVs) are important human pathogens. The murine model of RV infection has been very useful in clarifying the mechanisms that mediate clearance of primary RV infection, and the mechanisms that mediate immunity to reinfection. The use of immunodeficient strains of mice, immun ...

The high morbidity and mortality of rotavirus (RV) infections has spurred the development of RV vaccines (1–13). Although children naturally infected with RV commonly undergo multiple infections, primary infections in children generally induce disease, and children are normally ...

Schistosoma mansoni is a trematode parasite with a freshwater snail intermediate host but whose definitive host is human. Schistosomiasis is a chronically debilitating, and often fatal disease affecting 200- 300 million people in many of the developing countries. In order to carry out la ...

When studies on the biochemistry, molecular biology, and genet- ics of the blood forms of malaria parasites are planned, two features of their biology should be remembered. These forms consist of parasites in a continuous cycle of development, from merozoites through ring-stages, and troph ...

Examples of already-characterized parasite T-cell epitopes (1–5; see also refs. in 6) fit with current models of antigen recognition, in which T-cells recognize foreign proteins only in the form of peptides associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Peptides bo ...

This chapter aims to provide a step-by-step procedure in preparing protein samples of limited quantities for partial sequence analysis. Its content will cover a brief introduction on various types of sequenators thus far developed, with the emphasis on the latest technology of gas-liqu ...

Malaria represents the world’s greatest public health problem in terms of number of people affected, and the levels of morbidity and mortality. The protozoan malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) are transmitted by infected female mosquitoes when feeding on blood. Parasites soon enter l ...

Over the last decade, our knowledge of the parasites causing malaria has been transformed by molecular biology. We now have an exten- sive body of data concerning many of the proteins and the genes encoding them, but much less is understood about their cellular functions. The localization of paras ...

Immunofluorescence, as the name suggests, involves the visualization of proteins and structures within cells using antibodies as fluorescent probes. It has proven to be an extremely valuable technique for several reasons: 1. Vast numbers of cells can be processed and observed in a singl

Immunoassay using antibodies bound to a solid phase was first described in 1954 when D. W. Talmage and coworkers used a crude form of radioimmunoassay (RIA) to estimate the total antibody content of serum (1). Various technological developments, notably the coupling of enzymes to antibodies, ...

Affinity chromatography is one of the most convenient methods of purifying biological molecules, with many wide ranging applications (1, 2). The main prerequisite is to have a ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule. This ligand must also have two key properties other than exqu ...

The mature schistosome has an extraordinary capacity to survive within the blood of its definitive host despite the presence of protective immune responses. Such protective responses can be stimulated by infection itself, vaccination with highly irradiated cercariae, or by indiv ...

In the field of parasitology, isozymes are mainly used to characterize and distinguish “strains.” For such a difficult purpose, isozyme data definitely have to be analyzed in genetic terms. Relying on a purely empirical, phenetic reading of the gels amounts to missing about 90% of the informati ...