抗体抗原实验

There are many laboratory biofilm models available which can be used to assess the susceptibility of these distinctive resistant phenotypes. The complexities of these models vary considerably and indeed, the antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilms grown in these different mod ...

Considering the increased concerns with controlling infectious epidemics such as tuberculosis, a global concerted effort (WHO) is now dead-lined to tackle the emergence of extensive drug resistance through identifying a novel line of therapeutics which will on the one hand shorten t ...

The rising prevalence of the members of the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter baumannii that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenem-hydrolysing β-lactamases (carbapenemases) represents one of the largest “new” resistan ...

Resistance to clinically useful therapeutic antibiotics is an ever-increasing phenomenon seen in a range of bacterial species including those pathogenic to man. There are diverse mechanisms which contribute to inherent and acquired resistance to antibiotics. Gram-negative b ...

A semi-automated method that uses the common efflux pump (EP) substrate ethidium bromide (EB) is described for the assessment of EP systems of bacteria. The method employs the Rotor-GeneTM 3000 thermocycler (Corbett Research) for the real-time assessment of accumulation and efflux of EB in ...

Two simple, instrument-free, user-friendly methods that can readily be implemented by a routine microbiology laboratory are described for the detection of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) isolates that overexpress efflux pump (EP) systems responsible for the MDR phenotype. The first ...

Acquisition of antibiotic resistance may be associated with a physiological cost for the bacterium. Determination of growth rate and generation time is often used to measure fitness costs associated with antibiotic resistance. However, fitness costs may be small and difficult to qua ...

This chapter describes assays for the measurement of heme levels and the rate of respiration in bacteria. An assay of ALA supplementation is described, in which the effect of exogenous ALA in reversing sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide is an indication of a reduced flow through the heme biosynth ...

Bacteria, in common with other organisms that take advantage of aerobic respiration, generate and accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage DNA, fatty acids, and proteins. In addition, intracellular pathogens like Salmonella enterica are exposed to an oxidate burst prod ...

The ability of all pathogens to survive within the host is key to their success in establishing disease. Environmental conditions that affect the growth of a pathogen in the host include nutrient status, environmental pH, oxygen availability, and host defences. Studying the response of Myc ...

Analysis of the transcriptional profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after treatment with antimycobacterial compounds has improved our understanding of the ways mycobacteria respond to antibiotic stress, and revealed new insights into the mode of action of different ant ...

Pathogenic bacteria can have sub-populations of hypermutable bacteria. This sub-population has a higher spontaneous mutation rate than the majority of the population which can be attributed to defects in proofreading and repair mechanisms. This leads to the evolution of drug-resi ...

Gene swapping is a simple but effective genetic tool for characterizing the functioning of a gene, where the gene in question is known to fulfil a distinctive biological role in the cell. VanS is a sensor kinase which, in conjunction with its cognate response regulator VanR, triggers resistance to v ...

The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an increasingly serious problem world-wide. In addition, to phenotypically resistant bacteria, a threat may also be posed by isolates with silent, but intact, antibiotic resistance genes. Such isolates, which have recently been d ...

To study the dynamics and diversity of pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic resistance, a more thorough and systematic approach has been employed compared with routine surveillance of serotype and anti�biotic resistance. Up to ten pneumococcal isolates from pernasal (nose) and or ...

Staphylococcus aureus lineages evolve independently and differ in hundreds of genes. Identification of lineages can be useful for epidemiological typing and infection control at the local or global level, and can also be useful when investigating differences in pathogenesis betw ...

Since its inception in the 1940s, the technique of immunofluorescence microscopy has provided a sensitive, high-resolution method for determining the presence of, and distribution of, an antigen within a specimen. Fluorescent molecules, termed fluorochromes, can be conjugated d ...

In mammals, the genes encoding the variable (V) domains of the immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain are assembled during lymphocyte development by rearrangements of variable (VH), diversity (DH), and junctional (JH) gene segments (1). Selection of these gene elements from their corresponding ...

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, EIA) is a highly versatile and sensitive technique that can be used for quantitative as well as qualitative determination of almost any antigen or antibody. Reagents are stable, non-radioactive and, in most cases, commercially available. Ow ...

The measurement and manipulation of cytosolic free Ca2+ permits the investigation of the mechanisms of generation of the Ca2+ signal and cellular responses to these Ca2+ signals within living neutrophils. The optical methods most applicable to neutrophils, which will be discussed here, ...