实验仪器使用技术

Changes of cerebral acid-balance, notably of extracellular pH (pHe), have long attracted the attention of physiologists. This is mainly because both cerebral blood flow (CBF) and pulmonary ventilation are exquisitely sensitive to alterations in pHe, whether these are caused by chang ...

The involvement of calcium (Ca) in living organisms has long been recognized, particularly its presence in invertebrate shells and vertebrate bones. It was not, however, before the studies of S. Ringer (1882), who showed that its presence was necessary for normal heart beating, that its role in ph ...

The last two decades have seen a tremendous explosion in our knowledge concerning the properties of neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). The basis of this explosion is twofold: one is the development of the methodology to maintain isolated slices of brain tissue alive, and the second is the di ...

This chapter describes the application of electrophysiological techniques in nervous system cultures. The characterization of the membrane properties of cultured neural cells with electrophysiological techniques had already started in 1956 on explant cultures of dorsal ...

Studies on transmembrane ion movements in brain cells are of fundamental importance to understanding brain function. Thus, studies on the content and fluxes of major ions such as K+, Na+, Cl−, and Ca2+ in neurons are critical to understanding the effects of conductance changes during excitatory ...

Brain slices from cerebral cortex represent the classical model with which the first studies of cellular mechanisms of water and ion homeostasis were conducted. These experiments involved the analysis of ion and water movements with radiotracers. The amount of information gained with ...

One of the most exciting recent advances in the field of neurobiology has been the development of the technique called single-channel or patch clamp recording. The utility and power of the method are now being exploited by neuroscientists using a wide variety of tissue preparations to answer qu ...

The choroid plexus traditionally has been considered the major, but not sole, component of the blood-CSF barrier (BCFB). Most analyses of the BCFB have been directed to the choroid plexuses, rather than to the arachnoid, because of the predominant function of the former in CSF secretion and homeo ...

The dense aggregation of cells that make up the brain and spinal cord has always prompted discussion about the nature of the interstitial region. This region was termed the “extracellular space” and for many years its extent, and even its existence, was widely disputed. Later the concept of the extr ...

Brain “function” comprises the activities that transfer and integrate information wit~undefinedhin and among brain cells. Such information consists of changes in electrical potentials that exist across cell membranes. Electrical potentials are characteristic of both neurons and glia ...

The fluid environment of the central nervous system comprises the following compartments: Tissue fluid, consisting of (1) the extracellular compartment and (2) the intracellular compartment Cerebrospinal fluid Vascular compartment

Before the advent of the electron microscope, the extracellular space of the central nervous system (CNS) was considered very wide. Since that time, however, fine structural studies have revealed

The capillaries of the central nervous system (CNS) are unique among the blood vessels of the body in having tight junctions between adjacent endothelial cells, no fenestrae, and a complete pericapillary investment (the glial foot processes) between parenchymal cells and capillary en ...

A simple yet highly sensitive implementation of an interferometric technique for a label-free molecular biosensing application is described. The intereferometric detection method is based on the phase-sensitive detection of spectral interference fringes. The change in opt ...

Reflectometry is classified in comparison to the commercialized refractometric surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The advantages of direct optical detection depend on a sophisticated surface chemistry resulting in negligible nonspecific binding and high loading with reco ...

Optical label-free detection prevents the cost and complexity of fluorescence and radio labeling while providing accurate quantitative and kinetic results. We have developed a new optical label-free sensor called the liquid core optical ring resonator (LCORR). The LCORR integra ...

The resonant mirror (RM) biosensor is a leaky waveguide-based instrument that uses the evanescent field to probe changes in the refractive index at the sensing surface.The RM can therefore be used to monitor in real-time and label-free the interaction between an analyte in solution and its bio ...

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors belong to label-free optical biosensing technologies. The SPR method is based on optical measurement of refractive index changes associated with the binding of analyte molecules in a sample to biorecognize molecules immobilized on the S ...

Optical biosensors have played a key role in the selective recognition of target biomolecules and in biomolecular interaction analysis, providing kinetic data about biological binding events in real time without labeling. The advantages of the label-free concept are the eliminat ...

Spectral SPR biosensor is a useful system for a rapid analysis of protein arrays, as the biosensor with a fiber optic spectrometer can be easily aligned with the reflected light from protein arrays. The spectral SPR biosensor was constructed by Kretschmann geometry, based on the wavelength in ...