实验仪器使用技术

A diverse array of proteins involved in every aspect of cellular activity including signaling, division, homeostasis, and differentiation is modified by phosphorylation. Altering the phosphorylation state of protein through the activation of specific kinases and phosphata ...

The phosphoinositide second-messenger system is one of the major mechanisms utilized by cells to transduce signals originating from extracellular stimuli, such as neurotransmitters, to intracellular responses (Fisher, 1995). A variety of cellular components can contribute ...

Neuroscience has quickly evolved to include classical neurochemical as well as molecular approaches to the study of proteins, This marriage of disciplines has been brought about not only by our need to further explore systems of specific interest, but also by the increased availability of c ...

A number of new and useful mutation detection methods have evolved in recent years enabled by the advent of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Grompe, 1993). These methods can be divided into two groups: (1) the PCR-based techniques aimed at scanning DNA sequences for unknown mutations and (2) the tec ...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful technique for the amplification of small amounts of DNA or RNA, and its application has revolutionized fields that span molecular biology, forensic pathology, genetics and the diagnosis of disease. The employment of a heat-stable DNA polym ...

The ability to measure steady-state mRNA levels is central to the analysis of neuronal gene expression and, therefore, finds application across a broad range of neuroscientific research endeavors including the investigation of spatial-, temporal-, drug-induced-, or activity-de ...

Radio&and binding is one of the most widely used techniques by which the pharmacological and biochemical properties of receptors are determined. This technique was used in many of the pioneering studies of the receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs and is now routinely used by ...

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been used for the identification of drugs since 1968 when Hammar and coworkers (1968) employed this technique for the analysis of chlorpromazine and some of its metabolites isolated from human blood. Since that time this analytical pro ...

This review attempts to cover a broad range of literature on the analysis of psychotropic drugs in tiβues and body fluids, A considerable emphasis on the quantification of plasma drug levels will be found because this is an area that has generated most of the published analytical procedures. Conc ...

There can be little doubt that the benzodiazepines represent one of the major succeβes of the pharmaceutical industry. Since their introduction into clinical practice in 1960, they have become the most frequently prescribed of all psychotropic drugs; at present there are over 35 such comp ...

Although antidepreβant drug treatment is a well-established therapeutic approach in manic-depreβive disorders, the mechanism by which such drugs ameliorate the depreβive syndromes remains an area of active research. The mechanism of action of antidepreβants most likely has two ...

The preclinical behavioral analysis of effects of psychiatric drugs may be seen from two viewpoints. On the one hand it is neceβary to identify drugs that may be useful for treating psychiatric disorders. With this approach the basic question is: “Does a drug fit into the particular claβ of drugs that ...

Measurement of psychotropic drugs has become an integral part of the evaluation of new agents and, for older drugs, is often a routine part of clinical practise. Much of the interest in the measurement of psychotropic drugs can be traced to the notion that plasma concentrations may in some way reflect ...

Our knowledge of the biochemical actions of antidepreβants, neuroleptics, and anxiolytics at the cellular and molecular level has led to the development of a number of rather rapid and inexpensive in vitro and ex vivo screening procedures that have proven useful in identifying new drugs with ...

It might be said that “drug screening” is one of the most overused, misunderstood, and poorly performed tests in the armament of medical science. Ideally, a drug screen should be a single test that can accurately detect and identify all known drugs and toxins present in a small amount of blood or urine, using ...

The advent of polyclonal immunoglobin-based technology, originated by Yalow and Berson in 1959, for qualitative or quantitative determination of specific substances in biological tiβue has revolutionized the analytical aspects of biomedical research. The refinement of this ...

The scientific principles behind the radioreceptor aβay (RRA) have been articulated in a number of excellent reviews (Enna, 1981, 1982), and they will be summarized here. In order to appreciate the strengths and limitations of RRAs, the basic principles of receptor binding technology must f ...

Whether one is a toxicologist attempting to confirm drug overdose or establish cause of death, a physician/clinical chemist seeking to correlate clinical response with a serum level, or a research scientist collecting pharmacokinetic data, precise accurate analytical methods for ...

Binding of drugs to plasma protein has been known for many years to be significant in both drug effects and pharmacokinetics (Goldstein, 1949; Gillette, 1973; Curry, 1980; Meyer and Guttman, 1968; Vallner, 1974). However, in spite of rigorous study, binding remains contentious and poorly under ...

Magnesium (Mg), the second most abundant soft tissue intracellular cation in vertebrates, is an essential nutrient for all organisms. Because of its small ionic radius and relatively large charge, Mg2+ functions within living cells primarily as a reversible chelator, forming relativ ...