Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (PODNs) can act as antisense molecules, knocking down proteins. Many PODNs have the unusual characteristic of being transported across the blood–brain barrier by a saturable system. This means that PODNs injected intravenously can ac ...
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents multiple barriers for drug delivery from the circulation. Peptides potentially useful to treat maladies of the brain are especially limited in their ability to cross the BBB due to several shortcomings. Specific delivery strategies have been c ...
A major barrier to entry of neuropeptides into the brain is low bioavailability and presence of the blood–brain barrier. Intranasal delivery of neuropeptides provides a potentially promising alternative to other routes of administration, since a direct pathway exists between the o ...
We know neuropeptides now for over 40 years as chemical signals in the brain. The discovery of neuropeptides is founded on groundbreaking research in physiology, endocrinology, and biochemistry during the last century and has been built on three seminal notions: (1) peptide hormones are ch ...
This protocol describes an ELISA-based method for assaying serum levels of autoantibodies reactive with neuropeptides. The method allows for measuring relative amounts of free and bound, i.e., those present in immune complexes, autoantibodies using two types of sample buffers prov ...
The control of neuropeptide function is partially accomplished by aminopeptidases (neuropeptidases), which are the most abundant proteolytic enzymes in brain. Their analysis represents an important and quick tool to reflect the functional status of their endogenous substra ...
Antibody-coated microprobes have been demonstrated to be useful for detecting the release of neuropeptide transmitters from discrete sites in the central nervous system (CNS). This technique uses glass micropipettes taken through a series of chemical coatings, starting with a γ-a ...
Microdialysis is a technique that collects extracellular fluid through a semipermeable membrane. Various compounds are obtained with this technique in vivo in free-moving animals. Originally, this technique was developed to measure several biogenic amines in rat brain, for exam ...
Neuropeptidomics refers to a global characterization approach for the investigation of neuropeptides, often under specific physiological conditions. Neuropeptides comprise a complex set of signaling molecules that are involved in regulatory functions and behavioral c ...
Peptide study and analysis widely involve liquid chromatography. Among the different strategies available, reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is one of the methods of choice to separate species in a nontargeted approach. The compounds are sorted according to their hy ...
The past half-century has seen an enormous development in the area of biomedical science. This includes also research related to neuroactive peptides. These compounds have been the subject for extensive studies in many cases resulting in knowledge opening for new therapeutic strateg ...
Nerve fibers innervate every organ of the body and are involved in monitoring changes of the external and internal environment. Innervation directly controls a variety of physiological responses in an adaptive manner. Today, many lines of research indicate that also the immunological ...
In this chapter, methods for the analysis of allosterism in equilibrium binding and functional assays are described. The functional response to activation of a G protein-coupled receptor is usually measured at a point downstream from receptor activation in the signaling pathway, and the ...
Phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) occurs within seconds of agonist stimulation and is one of the most prevalent mechanisms through which signalling of this super receptor family is regulated. Although traditionally associated with receptor desensitis ...
The development of new therapeutic drugs acting at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) whose ligand specificity is known is of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry and to the population at large. It is also vital that surrogate ligands can be identified for GPCRs at which the endog ...
A remarkable potential exists for current and future development of therapeutic drugs acting at GPCRs. As one of the initial steps in GPCR drug development, in vitro assays are required to characterize the pharmacology of new ligands acting at distinct GPCRs. This is routinely accomplished ...
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) responsiveness is dynamically regulated by various mechanisms, allowing fine-tuning of cell signaling. Modulation of GPCR plasma membrane density, via their release from intracellular compartments, constitutes a recently identified i ...
Similar to many other plasma membrane proteins, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). After proper assembly and folding, the receptors are transported from the ER through the Golgi to the cell surface. As the first step in the anterograde tra ...
The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a superfamily of transmembrane receptors that �structurally possess an extracellular amino terminus, seven transmembrane domains linked by extracellular and intracellular loops, and a cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus. They are sy ...
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of membrane receptors. These proteins respond to a broad diversity of environmental stimuli and ligands, modulate most physiological processes, and represent prime therapeutic targets. Detecting GPCRs in vivo, ...
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