The in situ arterially perfused rodent preparation is an innovation that has allowed for significant progress in the study of cardiorespiratory reflex circuitry. This preparation provides a number of advantages over other preparations. The retention of peripheral cardiorespi ...
Optogenetics is the combination of genetic and optical methods to achieve gain or loss of function of well-defined events in specific cells in living tissues. One of the strengths of this approach is that it can be used in conscious animals without impeding normal behavior. This method has been imp ...
The microdialysis technique for the measurement of brain extracellular levels of monoamines has become very popular over the last 2–3 decades, particularly in laboratories involved in neuropharmacology studies. Nevertheless, microdialysis of monoamines is a challenging te ...
Two different spinal microdialysis approaches in freely moving rats are demonstrated. The assessment of the stability and the influences of related factors on spinal microdialysis are discussed. Using spinal microdialysis we demonstrate its contribution on spinal cord neurot ...
This chapter summarizes the recent development of combination of in vivo microdialysis with selective detection, especially electrochemical detection, to form novel online analytical methods for continuously monitoring brain chemistry, without the need for sample colle ...
Recent theoretical studies have yielded a more profound knowledge of the properties of recovery (the key parameter in quantitative microdialysis) and have put in evidence important limitations of the usual in vivo calibration methods used in quantitative microdialysis for pharm ...
Microdialysis allows for measurement of multiple compounds dissolved in the interstitial fluid of the rat brain, including carbon dioxide, if a radioactive tracer is included. Upon introduction of a 14C-labeled compound into the interstitial fluid of the brain, the compound is transp ...
Intercellular communication plays a key role in information processing in the nervous system, to immune response, to cellular growth and differentiation, and to most processes fundamental to life for multicellular organisms. As a sampling technique microdialysis enables in vivo s ...
A recently developed application of microdialysis is the introduction of a substance into the extracellular space via the microdialysis probe. The inclusion of a higher amount of a drug in the perfusate allows the drug to diffuse through the microdialysis membrane to the tissue. This techni ...
Microdialysis cerebral technique has been widely employed in order to study neurotransmitter release. This technique presents numerous advantages such as it allows work with sample in vivo from freely moving animals. Different drugs in different points implanted probes in several ...
Cerebral microdialysis is a well-established laboratory tool that is now widely used as a bedside monitor of brain tissue biochemistry during neurointensive care. With its ability to create a facsimile of brain tissue extracellular fluid (ECF) and characterize metabolic and bioche ...
In vivo microdialysis has become a widely used tool to help elucidate the neurochemical alterations accompanying epilepsy, as well as the mechanisms of action of both old and new generation antiepileptic drugs. With the need of novel antiepileptic drugs for the high percentage of pharmaco ...
Microdialysis sampling in combination with a suitable analytical method enables in vivo monitoring of histamine release and metabolism in selected brain structures of experimental animals including rats and mice. In the alkaline medium, histamine reacts with o-phthalaldehy ...
While a longstanding body of evidence has suggested that nitric oxide plays a key role in maintaining vascular tone, work over the last decade has indicated that nitric oxide also is an important messenger in the central nervous system. Due to the extremely labile nature of this molecule, quantit ...
Most methods for analyzing microdialysis samples require 1–20-min fraction collection times and off-line analysis of 1–50 min per sample; however, it is important to improve the temporal resolution to measure fast neurochemical events that go unnoticed with slower analyses. For exam ...
The microdialysis technique has proved to be a powerful neuropharmacological tool for the measurement of extracellular levels of neurotransmitters in brains of freely moving animals. However, care in its application is essential if reliable results are to be obtained. More recent de ...
The development of analytical technologies must continue to improve to keep in step with new findings in the neurosciences. Neuropeptides serve a wide range of functions in the CNS and scientists study them intensively for a spectrum of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, t ...
Microdialysis (MD) procedure is a versatile technique that allows the analysis of small molecular weight compounds from the interstitial space in different tissues. MD was used extensively in neuroscience animal studies at the end of last century, while only a single MD study in the human bra ...
In this chapter, we present a detailed protocol for culturing the adult Drosophila brain ex vivo and discuss some of the possibilities this method opens up. Mature Drosophila brains can be easily maintained in culture for a long period of time, with very little deterioration. Explanting and cult ...
The developing Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system is populated by asymmetrically dividing neural stem cells called neuroblasts, derived from ectodermal or neuroepithelial precursors. Neuroblasts divide asymmetrically, self-renewing the neuroblast a ...
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