实验仪器使用技术

The study of complex traits is one of the greatest current challenges in biology, and the exact mechanism whereby individual genes cause small quantitative variation in any given trait still remains largely unresolved. In the case of behavioural traits, with lower heritabilities and rep ...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors appear to be quite ancient phylogenetically and are used in the nervous systems of a great number of species across broad parts of the animal kingdom. They play important roles in a variety of neurobehavioral functions from neuromuscular activation to ...

While zebrafish (Danio rerio) are widely utilized as a model species for neuroscience research, they also possess several qualities that make them particularly useful for studying stress and anxiety-related behaviors. Zebrafish neuroendocrine responses are robust, and corre ...

The olfactory sensory system is a part of the nervous system that has something for everyone; with as many as 1,000 genes coding for olfactory receptors it sports the largest gene family in the vertebrate genome; the olfactory sensory neurons regenerate throughout life; the sensory neurons send ...

The zebrafish is an important model organism in developmental genetics, neurophysiology and biomedicine, but little is known about its natural ecology and behaviour. It is a small, shoaling cyprinid, native to the flood-plains of the Indian subcontinent, where it is found in shallow, slow- ...

Studies of teleost spatial cognition have revealed that fish possess an impressive array of navigational abilities and are capable of spatial memory based tasks utilizing both egocentric and allocentric cues. The emergence of zebrafish as an optimal animal model for developmental, g ...

Shortly after larval zebrafish become free swimming their behavior is modulated by both autochthonous signals and external stimuli. Larvae show rapid responses to a range of sensory cues but are also capable of executing extended behavioral programs in response to changes in the enviro ...

The unique properties of zebrafish, such as its high reproductive capability, small size, simple genome, and relatively low maintenance cost, make it a cheap and effective genetic model for scientists to study. As a result, scientists have acquired an enormous quantity of zebrafish genetic ...

Most research to date has used experimental models in rodents which fail to mimic the underlying causes of stroke in patients or the primary confounding factors. Available data indicate that factors such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, age, and inflammation have a m ...

Physical therapy and social interactions between the stroke patient and health care professionals or relatives facilitate the process of recovery and promote the improvement of neurological function after stroke. These observations can be mimicked in the experimental setting ...

There are numerous ways by which the middle cerebral artery (MCA) can be occluded in order to provoke a focal cerebral ischemia (either of a permanent nature or with reperfusion) in experimental animals: electrocoagulation, microvascular clips, sutures or intraluminal thread models – t ...

The photochemical stroke model has a number of advantages: size and location can be exactly determined, the skull need not be opened for photothrombotic stroke, the model works in rats and mice, and technical variations allow for the induction of subcortical stroke, stroke in newborn animals, or ...

This chapter covers established rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), where ischemia is induced by electrocoagulation of the artery, occluding devices applied to the artery, or application of the peptide endothelin-1 to the artery to induce vasospasm. Electroco ...

Filamentous occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is probably the most frequently used model in experimental stroke research. It results in reproducible lesions in the cortex and striatum and can be used to induce both permanent and transient MCAO. It allows for the study of both acute st ...

The chapter provides an introduction and overview on the most widely used rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia, pointing out the major characteristics of the respective model and the basic differences between models. The specific models will be discussed in detail throughout the fol ...

Stroke is a complex and heterogeneous disease. Although animal models have provided valuable insight into its pathophysiology, the knowledge gained from animal experiments has not been fully transferred into clinical practice. Clinical trials testing for neuroprotective dr ...

Translating neuroprotective efficacy from animal studies to clinical trials in humans has been fraught with difficulty. This failure might be because animal studies were falsely positive or clinical trials were falsely negative. Here, I focus on the measures to improve the design, cond ...

The quest for internal and external validity in experimental stroke research is fraught with pitfalls and confounders. This article, written as a checklist from the perspective of an editor and reviewer of articles on rodent stroke models and an active bench side stroke researcher, presen ...

Experimental stroke researchers take samples from populations (e.g., certain mouse strains), and make inferences about unknown parameters (e.g., infarct sizes, outcomes). They use statistics to describe their data, and they seek formal ways to decide whether their hypotheses are true ( ...

Recently, systematic reviews have found quantitative evidence that low study quality may have introduced a bias into preclinical stroke research. Monitoring, auditing, and standard operating procedures (SOPs) are already key elements of quality control in randomized clinical ...