生物信息学技术

This is an overview of drug delivery systems (DDS), starting with various routes of drug administration. Various drug formulations, as well as devices used for drug delivery and targeted drug delivery, are then described. Delivery of proteins and peptides presents special challenges. Na ...

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is one of the most promising viral gene transfer vectors that has been shown to effect long-term gene expression and disease correction with low toxicity in animal models, and is well tolerated in human clinical trials. The surface of the AAV capsid is an essential com ...

Methods to infuse drugs into the parenchyma of the central nervous system (CNS) have been reported as inconsistent or unpredictable. The source of variability appears to be a compromised seal between the tissue and the outer surface of the cannula. Failure of the tissue to seal to the cannula creat ...

Human skin serves a protective function by imposing physicochemical limitations to the type of permeant that can traverse the barrier. For a drug to be delivered passively via the skin it needs to have a suitable lipophilicity and a molecular weight 500 Da. In contrast, active methods, normally in ...

Pulmonary delivery of proteins requires particles for delivery to be in the aerodynamic size range 1–5 μm for deep lung deposition. However, the traditional particle size reduction technique of jet-milling normally used for inhalation is not suitable for processing these protein part ...

The inhalation route is seen as the most promising non-invasive alternative for the delivery of proteins; however, the short duration of activity of drugs delivered via this route brought about by the activities of alveolar macrophages and mucociliary clearance means there is a need to deve ...

Drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle for the development of effective treatments of many central nervous system disorders. Sophisticated cell culture models of the BBB have helped us to identify, characterize, and validate a novel targeted drug delivery ...

There are various types of liposomes used for cancer therapy, but these can all be placed into three distinct categories based on the surface charge of vesicles: neutral, anionic and cationic. This chapter describes the more rigorous and easy methods used for liposome manufacture, with refer ...

The development of flow cytometric techniques has greatly advanced our ability to identify and characterize the morphological and biochemical heterogeneity of cell populations, permitting a rapid and sensitive cell analysis. In this chapter, various flow cytometric applica ...

There is an increasing need for high-throughput scale-down models that are representative of commercial bioprocesses, particularly in the field of animal cell biotechnology. In this chapter we describe two protocols for small-scale disposable plastic vessels: 125-mL Erlenmey ...

Encapsulation of cell cultures is a universally applicable tool in cell culture technology. Basically it can be used to protect cells against hazardous environmental conditions as well as the environment against disadvantageous effects triggered by the immobilized cultures. The ...

Cell culture techniques have become vital to the study of animal cell structure, function, and differentiation and for the production of many important biological materials such as vaccines, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, interferons, and nucleic acids. Microcarrier culture int ...

The history of the culture of animal cell lines is littered with published and much unpublished experience with cell lines that have become switched, misslabeled, or cross-contaminated during laboratory handling. To deliver valid and good quality research and to avoid waste of time and res ...

MAbs (mAbs) are unique and versatile molecules that have found applications in research, in vitro and in vivo diagnostics, and the treatment of several diseases. Antibody technology has been revolutionized by the hybridoma technology for rnAb production described by K�hler and Milste ...

Viral transduction of eukaryotic cell lines is one possibility to efficiently generate recombinant proteins, and among all viral-based expression systems the baculovirus/insect cell expression system (BEVS) is certainly the most well known and applied. This chapter delineat ...

Retroviral vectors are involved in more than 25% of the gene therapy trials, being the pioneering vector in this field. The production of retroviral vectors still poses some challenges, mainly because of the relatively low cell specific productivity and the low vector stability. Having cli ...

The purification of a (recombinant) protein produced by animal cell culture, the so-called downstream process (DSP), tends to be one of the most costly aspects of bioproduction. Chromatography is still the major tool on all levels of the DSP, from the first capture to the final polishing step. In this c ...

The production of viral vaccines in animal cell culture can be accomplished with primary, diploid, or continuous (transformed) cell lines. Each cell line, each virus type, and each vaccine definition requires a specific production and purification process. Media have to be selected as well ...

The treatment of genetic diseases and of several acquired diseases can only reasonably be performed by using gene or cell therapy approaches. In principle, practically all viruses can be used as a base for vector systems (→ viral vectors) for the transfer of genetic material/genes into target ce ...

Membrane filtration is frequently used in animal cell culture for bioreactor harvesting, protein concentration, buffer exchange, virus filtration, and sterile filtration. A variety of membrane materials and pore sizes ranging from loose microfiltration membranes to tight ul ...